ch 17

how is NAD+ regenerated

ETC when oxygen or fermentation

what is the ethanol fermentation reaction and what happens

glucose, 2P, 2ADP 2H+ > 2 ethanol, 2CO2, 2 ATP, 2H2O, pyruvate is decarboxylated

what is the lactate fermentation reaction

glucose, 2P, 2ADP > 2 lactate, 2ATP 2H2O

what is the cori cycle

active in skeletal muscle the need to regenerate NAD+ so use lactate fermentation, rest of it to liver

what is gluconeogenesis and what does it do

makes glucose from pyruvate in liver, supplies blood when food and glycogen supplies are low

where glycolysis done

muscle brain liver RBC

what is the net reaction of gluconeogenesis

2 pyruvate, 4 ATP, 2 GTP, 2NADH 2H 4H2O > glucose 4ADP 2GDP 6P 2NAD+

how does high blood glucose and low blood glucose affect glycolysis and gluconeogenesis

glyco-high on, low off gluco- high off, low on

what is the pyruvate kinase bypass

pyruvate carboxylate and PEP carboxykinase

what is the PFK bypass

fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase

what is the hexokinase bypass

glucose-6-phosphotase

how is PEP formed

pyruvate converted to oxaloacetate, CO2 carried by vitamin B7, acetyl-coa needs to be bound

what are the three steps for forming PEP

bicarbonate is activated by a P, CO2 can bind to biotin, and pyruvate in mito

what is oxaloactate shuttled as

reduced malate to the cytoplasm then oxidized back using NADH and NAD+, two anitporters

what happens to oxalacetate

in cytoplasm it is decarboxylate drives reactions and add p, PEP is unstable so need coupling

how is PEP formation regulated

+acetyl CoA -ADP +F 1,6-BP -alanine

what is the net reaction for PEP formation

pyruvate, ATP, GTP, H2O > PEP, ADP, GDP, P, 2H

what is PEP converted to

one F16BP reversible

how is F6P formed

F16BPase bypass PFK, highly regulated enzyme, main control

how is FBPase regulated

PFK is activated by F26BP in liver, ATP block PFK

what upregulates and downregulates glycolysis and glyconeogenesis

gly- +F2,6BP +AMP -ATP -citrate -H glu- -F26BP -AMP +citrate

what regulates the balance between glycolysis and glyconeogenesis

F26BP, not an intermediate, regulated by PFK2 FBPase2

what happens in the final dephosphorylation

liver specific, G6P is transported to ER, glucose-6-phosphatase dephosphorylates, products go to cytoplasm

what are alternative starting sugars

fructose and galactose

where is fructose phosphorylated

in liver by F1P, F1P aldolase cleave into DHAP and glyceraldehyde

what excess can cause diseases

fructose

how can galactose be made

enter as glucose-6P, before committed step then phosphorylated Gal-1p UDP-glucose > UPD-gal and G1P is then isomerized to G6P by phosphoglucomutase

what cleaves lactose into glucose and galactose

lactase

how does upregulation of glycolysis cause tumor cells

make glucose into lactate even when oxygen present

when is glucokinase active and what does high ATP do to the K+ channel

high glucose and closes it then Ca vg channel open fusion and insulin released

what has a low affinity of glucokinase

insulin

how does insulin resistance happen

overproduction of PEPCK so no downregulation