ANS 324 Dairy Production Exam 1

The dairy industry includes what three groups of people?

farmers/producers, processors, and manufacturers

milk is secreted by _____ mammals for ______ to meet __________ ___________

female, offspring, nutrient requirements

humans have ____ total solids, ___ fat, __ protein, __ lactose, and __ ash

12.2

3.8

1

7

0.2

milk contains ______________ and _____________ agents supporting immune system

immunoglobulins, antibacterial

only milk from ___ out of _____ mammals has been analyzed, and only __ are considered reliable

180, 4000, 50

what two animals were domesticated during the early agricultural revolution 10,000 years ago?

sheep and goats

________ milk in Egypt and India

________ milk in central Asia and Europe

_______ and _______ milk in the Mediterranean

buffalo

mares'

sheep and goat

first dairy science institute established in ______ in Germany

1852

name two societies founded dedicated to the study of dairy science?

international dairy federation in 1903 and american dairy science association in 1906

milk can be __________ easier than other foods like meat and cereals

fractioned or purified

milk is a ______ and can be made __________, meaning that _________ and storage are relatively simple

liquid, homogenous, transport

milk properties vary according to ______, ______, and _____ conditions

source, season, storage

milk is highly _________

perishable

raw milk may contain ___________ bacteria

pathogenic

about ____ million tons of milk are produced each year, __ of which are in north america

560, 78

about __% of global milk comes from cows, __% from water buffalo, _% from sheep and goats

85, 11, 2

In Europe and North America milk and dairy products contribute to __-__% of dietary protein, __% dietary fat, and __% dietary calcium

20-30, 15, 80

first formulated infant food was developed in ____

1856

development of what three products majorly reduced infant mortality in the early twentieth century?

sweetened condensed milk, sterilized milk, and evaporated milk

the total value of milk production at US prices is

$1*10^12

amalgamations (merging) are more ____________ and have a more _________ product quality

efficient, reliable

the greatest diversity occurs with _____

cheese

total number of dairy plants in the US has declined to ___ in 2002

524

total number of workers in declined to _____ in 2002

55,000

the average number of cows per farm increased from 10 to ___ in 2005

115

average pounds of milk per cow is

19,576

which state produces the most milk?

California

in 2005 the number of US milk cows increased by _____ from 2004

31,000

Component with highest concentration (weight basis) in cows milk is...

lactose

when did the domestication of animals for milk production begin

more than 5000 years ago

NFDM has what two benefits

stored longer w/o spoilage

varying milk production w/season

what two nutrients does milk provide

calcium and protein

one animal that doesn't secrete milk is

passerines (chickadee)

in all mammals, milk synthesized in only...

mammary gland

total value of dairy products in US is

1 trillion dollars

composition of milk changes with what?

species of animal

breed

amt of time since calving

ash

dried milk is totally oxidized by heat in presence of oxygen and remaining material is ash

ash percentage in food estimates the sum of all _______ nutrients and components

mineral

least important concern about bacteria in milk

GMOs preventing it from being labeled organic

breed of cow with highest avg fat content in milk

jersey

breed of cow with highest avg milk production volume

holstein

decrease in immune factors in milk shows up as a decline in what?

whey protein

raw milk compartments (4)

colloidal protein suspension

lipid droplets

cells

liquid or aqueous phase

milk sugar (lactose) is composed of which two monosaccharides

glucose

galactose

predominate component of milk fat is

triacylglyceride

most abundant protein in cows milk is

casein family

greatest variation in milk composition is due to what?

species

is lactose 5 times sweeter than table sugar?

no

what test measures amount of aerobic bacteria capable of growth on agar plate at 32 C

standard plate count (SPC)

what system allows cleaning solutions to be transported from wash vat through sanitary ports of system and back to wash vat

clean in place

what microorganisms indicating conditions are suitable for enteric pathogens in milk

coliform

enzymes that are heat stable and degrade milk proteins when raw milk is stored for long times

proteinases

measure of free fatty acids present in raw milk

acid degree value

microorganisms resistant to pasteurization process

thermodurics

microorganisms that grow slowly are refrigeration temps

psychrotrophics

temperature range for rinse water cleaning equipment is

38-55

pre milking teat disinfection

iodine solution

two main sources of microbial contamination of raw milk are

interior of udder

exterior of teats and udder

energy efficient CIP system can reduce cleaning costs by what percentage

35%

flow velocity for cleaning pipes in dairy plant is

1.5-3 m/s

milk stone forms when milk is heated above

60C

milk stone can be removed from dairy equipment by use of

acid cleaner

removing residues by scraping and draining with water or air accomplishes what three goals

facilitate cleaning

reduce sewage load

minimizes product loss

is bacterial cleanliness obtained by killing all microorganisms?

no

proper chemical sanitizing accomplished by what?

pumping sanitizer through equipment for 1 minute minimum

what is hard water?

water with high mineral content consisting of high levels of metal ions like Ca and Mg

clogged fill openings in cleaning vats that can unexpectedly redirect hot water, steam lines, and connections to the pasteurizer are what type of hazard

burn

biggest danger working in walk in ice cream freezer

freezing to death if a fall caused unconsciousness in person not dressed properly

attachment of udder to cow is by

elastic and nonelastic suspensory ligaments

name four quarters of udder and their associated mammary glands

secretory tissue (alveoli)

duct system (interconnecting tubes)

two cisterns (storage)

a teat

what is the teat sphincter?

opens and closes the teat to release milk, open for 30-45 mins after milking

what is the teat cistern?

cavity that stores milk which drains from gland

what is responsible for keeping the cow resistant to disease?

lymph nodes

lactation cycle (days)

300 lactating

60 dry period before calving

which hormone is responsible for milk release

oxytocin

how long to oxytocin last in the blood stream?

8 minutes maximum

how is hand milking completed?

two diagonal teats at a time

takes turns alternating pressure

pipeline milking system steps (4)

vacuum pump

vacuum pipeline

milk cooling tank

milk pipeline

plasma (skim milk)

milk-fat

serum

plasma-casein micelles (whey)

solids-not-fat (SNF)

total solids content minus the fat content

total milk solids

SNF + fat

emulsion

suspension of droplets of one liquid into another, milk is emulsion of fat in water

colloidal solution

matter exists in state of division in between true solution and suspension, whey proteins are in colloidal solution in milk

high fat and lo roughage diets reduce what content of milk?

fat

colostrum has more _______ salts and _______ and less _______ than normal milk

mineral

protein

lactose and fat

how is butter formed

when MFGM is ruptured the fat globules join together into solid mass of fat

what accounts for 98% of total fat in cows milk?

triglycerides

four most abundant fatty acids in milk are

myristic, palmitic, stearic, and oleic

hydrolysis

liberation of free fatty acids from glycerol backbone

lipolysis

breakdown of fat into glycerol and free fatty acids, smells and tastes rancid

two distinct types of protein in milk

whey and casein

what type of milk protein makes up the majority of total protein?

80%

casein are the _____ and the liquid left over is ____

curds

whey

sweetness of lactose is __% where sucrose is ___%

20

100

density of cows milk is usually

1.028-1.038 g/cm3

titratable acidity

amount of alkali required to bring the pH to neutral

milk pH

6.6

coliforms are known as

indicator organisms

psychrotrophic

cold tolerant