Human Body Systems, Digestion, and Disease Defence

A comprehensive set of fill-in-the-blank review cards covering pathogens, body defences, the central nervous system, strokes, the urinary system, and digestion.

The __________ serves as a tough, waterproof physical barrier that stops pathogens from entering the body.

skin

__________ is a sticky secretion that lines the nose, throat, and lungs to trap pathogens and stop them from entering too far into the body.

Mucus

Tiny hairs called __________ line the windpipe and move in waves away from the lungs to push trapped pathogens toward the nose and mouth.

cilia

Disease-causing microorganisms are called pathogens, and a person or animal infected with a pathogen is called the __________.

host

Animals that spread diseases from host to host are called __________.

vectors

Measles and smallpox are caused by viruses, whereas salmonella food poisoning, anthrax, and cholera are caused by __________.

bacteria

A __________ occurs when the blood supply to the brain stops and brain cells die, often leaving a person unable to walk or talk properly.

stroke

Wearing a protective __________ helps protect the brain from injury if a person falls over or has an object land on their head.

helmet

Strokes can be caused by diabetes, smoking, fat bu_______.

high blood pressure

The brain and spinal cord together form the __________.

Central Nervous System (CNS)

Messages pass along nerves as electrical signals travelling at speeds of over __________.

$$250\,\text{kilometers per hour}$$

Urine made in the kidneys passes down tubes called __________ to be stored in the bladder.

ureters

Urine is sent out of the body from the bladder through a tube called the __________.

urethra

When a person experiences kidney failure, their blood can be passed through a filtering machine in a treatment called __________.

dialysis

In the small intestine, the surface area for absorbing nutrients and water into capillaries is increased by walls lined with __________.

tiny fingers and folds

When testing for starch, starch reacts with the chemical __________ to give a purple colour.

iodine

In the small intestine, fats and oils are helped to break down by a substance called __________ that comes from the liver.

bile

Enzymes that break down proteins, sugars, and fats are added to the small intestine from the __________.

pancreas

Unabsorbed food reaches the large intestine, where __________ enters the body before waste is eliminated.

water

The breaking down of nutrients into smaller parts so they can pass into the blood is known as __________.

digestion

Pointed teeth specifically shaped to bite into food are called __________.

canines

Saliva in the mouth contains the enzyme __________, which breaks down starch into sugar.

amylase