Fungi and protists

What is a eukaryotic cell

-Membrane-delimited nucleus

-Membrane-bound organelles that perform specific functions

-Intracytoplasmic membrane complex serves as transport system

-More structurally complex and generally larger than bacterial or archaeal cells

Why are eukaryotic microbes cell wall different than bacteria and archaea

Chemically distinct walls

Algal cell walls are diverse and may contain cellulose, pectin, silica or other materials

Fungal cell walls typically contain chitin and glucans

What are some properties of mitochondria

-Surrounded by a double membrane

-Inner membrane forms folds called cristae

-Major site of aerobic energy conservation

-Generates ATP using energy conserved during respiration

-TCA cycle occurs in the mitochondrial matrix

-Electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation occur across the inner mitochondrial membrane

-Eukaryotes get their energy from mitochondria> but pro has similar TCA and ETC cycles

What is hydrogenosomes and what are its properties

-Energy-conserving organelles found in some anaerobic eukaryotes

-Produce ATP without aerobic respiration

-Metabolism is fermentative and produces hydrogen (H₂)

-Evolutionarily related to mitochondria and descended from the same endosymbiotic (common) ancestor

-Surrounded by a double membrane, but lack typical mitochondrial cristae

-Most have lost their genome 

What are the properties of chloroplast

-A type of plastid specialised for photosynthesis, found in many algae and all plants

-Contain photosynthetic pigments, including chlorophyll

-Surrounded by a double membrane

-Contain thylakoids, flattened membrane-bound sacs

-Light-dependent reactions occur in the thylakoid membranes

-In some chloroplasts, thylakoids form stacks called grana (s. granum)

-The Calvin cycle (light-Independent reactions) occurs in the stroma

What is the endosymbiotic hypothesis

-evidence indicates that mitochondria, hydrogenosomes and plastids evolved from bacteria that became incorporated into ancestral eukaryotic cells

-Mitochondria /hydrogenosomes are derived from an 𝛼-proteobacterial ancestor

Plastids, including chloroplasts, are derived from a cyanobacterial ancestor

In relation to the endosymbiotic hypothesis what does plastids still retain

-surrounded by a double membrane

-contain their own circular DNA (replicates independently than the chromosomes)

-contain 70S-type ribosomes

-replicate by binary fission

-similar in size to bacterial cells

What are the properties of both Eukaryotic cilia and/or flagella

-Flagella and cilia are membrane-bound structures involved primarily in cell movement or movement of material across the cell surface

-Flagella are generally longer and fewer, and move with a wave-like motion

-Cilia are generally shorter and more numerous, and move in coordinated strokes

-Both contain an internal core called the axoneme

-Each flagellum or cilium is anchored by a basal body

Just learn this

PLZ

What is a kingdom fungi

-Eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that obtain nutrients by absorption

-Found worldwide

-Predominantly terrestrial, but fungi also occur in freshwater and marine environments

-Lack plastids and do not carry out photosynthesis

-Include unicellular yeasts and filamentous fungi composed of hyphae

What type of metabolism do fungis have

chemoorganoheterotrophs

How do fungi obtain most of its nutrients and explain what it is

osmotrophy which is extracellular digestion of organic material followed by absorption of soluble nutrients.

Fungi may be saprotrophs(Dead matter), pathogens or mutualistic symbionts

how do yeast grow

yeasts are facultative anaerobes and can produce ATP by fermentation

What is yeast and what are its components

Unicellular fungi, although cells may remain attached to form clusters or chains

-Typically larger than bacteria and often round or oval in shape

-Have a cell wall, plasma membrane, nucleus and other eukaryotic organelles

-Reproduce asexually by: budding

-Lack flagella and cilia

How do yeasts reproduce

binary fission in some yeasts but many can also reproduce sexually by producing sexual spores