PE Exam Two (Part 3)

Primary role of White Blood Cells

To fight infection.

5 types of WBCs in peripheral blood

Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils, Lymphocytes, and Monocytes.

Granulocytes include

Neutrophils, Eosinophils, and Basophils.

What does a WBC differential tell us?

What percentage of total WBCs make up each cell type.

Neutrophil percentage of WBCs

50 to 70%.

Alternative name for neutrophils

Polymorphonuclear leukocytes.

Where are neutrophils produced and what's their half-life?

Bone marrow with a very short half life

Main function of neutrophils

Enter blood and tissue to fight inflammation and infection via phagocytosis.

What is a band cell?

An immature neutrophil in the circulating blood.

Eosinophil percentage of WBCs

1 to 3%.

Eosinophil granule appearance

Large granules that stain bright red (acidophiles).

Eosinophil function in allergies

Accumulate at the allergic reaction site.

Basophil percentage of WBCs

0 to 1%.

Basophil granule appearance

Large granules that stain dark blue or purple.

What substance do basophils contain?

Heparin, which prevents blood coagulation at sites of inflammation.

What are basophils similar too

similar to eosinophils via the way they interact with allergic reactions

Lymphocyte percentage of WBCs

20 to 45%.

Lymphocytes are divided into

Lymphocytes can be divided into large granular lymphocytes and small lymphocytes

Large granular lymphocytes consist of

Natural killer cells (NK cells).

Small lymphocytes consist of

T cells and B cells.

Lymphocytes function

Important line of defense against foreign microorganisms and cells

T & B cells are

Major cellular components of the adaptive immune response

T cells immunity type

Cell-mediated immunity.

B cells immunity type

Humoral immunity (relating to antibodies).

T & B cells function

Once they have identified an invader, the cells generate specific responses that are tailored to maximally eliminate specific pathogens or pathogen infected cells

B cells respond to pathogens by

Producing large quantities of antibodies which then neutralize foreign objects like bacteria and viruses

Monocyte percentage of WBCs

2 to 11%.

What are monocytes called in the tissue?

Macrophages.

Main function of monocytes

Phagocytosis.

What causes an increase in monocytes?

Stress or chronic inflammation.

Normal WBC count

4.0 to 11.

Neutrophilia

One of body's first responses to infection and inflammation.

Left shift

Immature cells (bands) released from bone marrow trying to respond to the infection.

Neutropenia

A decrease in neutrophils caused by bone marrow failure (primary) or increased destruction of the cells peripherally.

Eosinophilia

Increase in eosinophils; elevated in the presence of parasitic infestation, allergic states, and allergic asthma.

Basophilia

Increase in basophils associated with myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs).

Lymphocytosis

Increase in lymphocytes; typical of viral infections.

Lymphocytopenia

Decrease in lymphocytes associated with HIV and trauma.

Monocytosis

Increase in monocytes; characteristic of TB, syphilis, typhoid fever, and fungal infections.

Where are Red Blood Cells produced?

Bone marrow.

Main component of Red Blood Cells

Hb (Hemoglobin).

Primary function of Red Blood Cells

Carry oxygen.

Life span of Red Blood Cells

Approx. 120 days.

Hemoglobin (Hb or Hgb)

Protein that carries oxygen to the tissues.

Hemoglobin CO2 transport

Carries CO2 from the tissues to the lungs.

Hemoglobin content per RBC

Each RBC contains 200-300 million Hgb molecules.

Hemoglobin buffering function

Acts as a buffer to help maintain pH of blood.

Hematocrit (Hct)

Ratio of packed RBC volume to the volume of whole blood.

Normal Hematocrit values

Men: 40 to 54% & Women: 35 to 49%.

Dehydration effect

A decrease in plasma.

MCV (mean corpuscular volume)

Avg. RBC size.

MCH (mean corpuscular Hb)

Amount of Hb per red blood cell.

MCHC (mean corpuscular Hb concentration)

The amount of hemoglobin relative to the size of the cell per red blood cell.

RBC indices purpose

Values determine classification of anemias.

Anemia definition

Reduction in RBC mass of the body.

Cause of anemia

-Blood loss

-Deficiency in cell formation

-Abnormal Cell formation

-Chronic disease and aging

Anemia physiological effect

Reduced oxygen carrying capacity.

Iron deficiency

A primary cause of anemia leading to reduced oxygen carrying capacity.