REPRODUCTION

n+n→2n

what are gametes and what is product called?

sperm + ova/oocyte→ zygote

define each

oogenesis

oogonia/um

oocyte

primary oocyte

secondary oocyte

polar body

ovum

oogenesis- process of making gamete in ovary

oogonia/um- diploid (2n) stem cells that multiply in fetal ovary

oocyte- developing egg cell

primary oocyte- oogonium that starts meiosis 1 (2n) stuck in prophase 1 until puberty

secondary oocyte- meiosis 1 product (n) pauses in metaphase 2 unless contacting sperm

polar body- tiny cell produced when oocyte divides unevenly (normally 3 polar body for 1 oocyte production)

ovum/ ova- mature gamete

when are primary oocytes in primordial folicles pauused in meiosis 1 made?

before birth (in female fetus)

how long do primary oocytes in primordial folicles stay in meiosis 1 (prophase1)?

unitil puberty where each month one becomes a secondary oocyte

oogonia in fetus undergo ______ (meiosis/mitosis) to become primary oocytes in fetus

mitoisis

what stage in life do primary oocyte becomes a secondary oocyte ?

each month from puberty to menopause

when a primary oocyte divides into secondary oocyte, what else is made?

first polar body

which is haploid, which is diploid?

primary oocyte

secondary oocyte

first polar body

primary oocyte- diploid

secondary oocyte- haploid

first polar body- haploid

secondary oocytes released in ovulation are arrested in what phase of meiosis 2?

metaphase 2

secondary oocytes released in ovulation can only complete meiosis 2 when?

sperm is contacted

when is first polar body produced?

when is the second polar body produced?

primary oocyte (2n) → secondary oocyte (n) + first polar body (n)

secondary oocyte (n) + sperm (n)→ ovum (2n) + second polar body (n)

what hormones from anterior pituitary stimulate ovulation and development of primordial folicles?

gonadotropins: FSH, LH

each month a few primordial folicles develop, but only one becomes a _______ folices which releases ova

graafarin

where in testes are sperm produced?

seminiferous testes

define each:

spermatogenesis

spermatogonium

primary spermocyte

secondary spermocyte

spermatid

sperm

spermatogenesis- process of making sperm in seminiferous tububles

spermatogonium- (2n) like a stem cell but keep dividing all adult life and keep storage (unlike in females which finish making as fetus)

primary spermocyte- (2n) spermatogonium that has started meiosis 1

secondary spermocyte- (n) final product of meiosis 1, begining meiosis 2

spermatid- product of meiosis 2, cant swim yet, surrounded with cytoplasm

sperm- finished product of meiosis 2, 4 sperm produced (n) can now swim

compare the end product of oogenesis vs spermaogenesis and quantities of each

oogenesis- 1 egg + polar bodies

spermatogenesis- 4 sperm

how many chomosomes do we have? how many are autosomal vs sexual?

46

22+22 autosomal

XX or XY sexual

how many genes does X vs Y choromoseome have?

X- 1090

Y-80 (testis specific)

phenotypic sex in early embryo development is identical up until 6 weeks when Y chromosome triggers the creation of ___________ on the ______ gene

TDF (testis determining factor) on the SRY gene of Y chromosome

what gonadal changes happen in XY development that dont happen in XX?

• semiferous tubule formation

• germ cells become sperm and sertoli cells that support spermatogenesis develop

• leydig cells that make testosterone

• male reproductive organ development

when do leydig cells develop in fetus? when do they make androgen?

day 65, 8 weeks

difference between ovary cortex and medulla?

cortex- ovarian folicles and egg

medulla- vasculature and loose connective tissue

when ovulation begins in the primordial folicle around ovum, what does folicle become next, what cells is it made of?

primary folicle

theca cells (lymph, vasculature)

granulosa (no nerves or bv)

when antrum fluid enlarges and fills granulosa cells of primary folicle, it becomes _______

secondary folicle

secondary folicles gain what structure to become fully mature graafain folicles?

cumulus oophorus projection/stalk

the ruptured graafain folicle left after egg leaves forms the ______

corpus luteum (secretes progesterone and estrogen)

if ovum is not fertilized, corpus luteum becomes

corpus albicans

if ovum is fertilized what happens to corpus luteum?

it is maintained and kept to produced pregancy hormones

what is the uterine tube/fallopian tube/oviduct opening called?

infundibulum

what are the three regions of oviduct/fallopian tube/uterine tube?

(from ovary)

infundibulum (with fimbriae)

ampilla (where fertilization occurs)

isthumus

(to uterus)

uterine tubes open to the _______ which connects to the ovary

peritonal cavity

how does ova move to uterine/fallopian tube/oviduct?

fimbriae, oviduct movements, vascularization and blood filling of oviduct wall

where in fallopian tube does fertilization occur?

ampulla

what are three linings of the uterine tube?

mucosa

muscularis

serosa

which lining of uterine tube delays the ovum transport to increase chance at fertilization in apullary-isthemic junction?

mucosa

what region of the uterine tube has most folds? which lining is responsible for making folds?

ampulla (less as you get closer to uterus), mucosa

what are two columnar cell types in mucosa epithelium?

1. cilla (spread liquid and increase in response to estrogen)

2. microvilli (secrete liquid to facilitate ova and sperm transport and provide nutrition and protect sperm)

which lining prevents microrganisms from entering tube and also increases vasculature, contratcion of cilla and mucous secretion when estrogen high?

muscularis

what does serosa lining do?

prevent other organs form adhering to visceral peritonearum

what is it called when a pregancy begins but not in the uterus?

ectopic pregnancy

what are the three linings of the uterus?

perimetrium, myometrium, endometrium

describe perimetrum

outer covering part of visceral perioneum as continuation of uterus broad ligament

desribe myometrium

long spiral and circular cells of smooth muscle and is thickest in uterus horn and thinnest in cervix

describe endometrium

inner mucosal lining that proliferates to prepare for implantation of embryo, but sheds if pregnancy doesnt occur

name the types of uteruses in animals

duplex, boconnuate (sow, cow), simple, bipartite

the uterus is divided into top middle and lower rigions known as

uterine horns

fundus

cervix

the cervix is mostly ______ and a little muscle

connective tissue

what in vagina stimulates penis?

vaginal ruggae

acidic mucous of vagina is mostly produced where?

uterus

what does semen do to vaginal pH?

neutralize it to prevent acidity from killing sperm

labia majora are adipose and smooth muscle seperated by ____ cleft, and converge on perineum

pudendal

the labia is deived from same tissue as _____ in men

the clitoris is derived from same tissue as ______ in men

scrotum

penis

3 fucntions of male reproductive system

secrete sex steroids

produce sperm

deposit sperm

two testis are in individual sacs, together forming the _____

scortum

what is the tunica dartos

the deeper layer of fascia, smpathetic nerves and smooth muscle around scrotum

there are numerous _____ glands on he skin of scortum

sebaceous glands

the _________ divides the scrotum in half and this protects the testes fro, infection or trauma spreading from one to the other

median septum

stimilaton of nerves in __________ area cause sexual arousal

inner thigh and scrotum

_______ muscle is an extension of abdominal oblique that suspends each testis

cremaster

cremaster muscles is voluntary but also acts involuntarily when exposed to _____

temperatures too cold or hot (to keep sperm production working)

testis and epididymis anchored to scrotum by the ________

gubernaculum

what are the two layer of testis tissue layers?

tunica vaginalis- thin serousus sac derived from peritoneum

tunica abuginea- divide testes into lobes in a tough fibourous capsule

what is each lobule of testicle packed with?

seminiferous tubules

surrounding seminiferous tubules and connective tissue there are scattered ______ cells that secrete testosteroen

leydig cells

what is network of seminiferous tubules that connect the epididymis to testes?

rete tesits and efferent ductules

what is the epidiymis?

coilded duct organ that contains 3 segments (head, body, tail) that receives sperm and stores sperm in tail

where does epididymis lead to for ejaculation?

vas deferns

the vas deferens moves sperm from epididymis to ____

pelvic urethra

what male accessory glands add to fluid secreted in sperm?

ampullae, seminal vesicles, prostate and bulbo-urethral gland

what are the 3 erectile bodies of the penis?

2 corpora covermosa and the ventral corpus spongiosum

what fibrous non stretchable capsule surrounds the penis?

tunica albuginea

what is the tip of penis made of

corpus spongiosum (gland penis)

what is teh opening of urethra of penis called?

external urinary meatus

what protects penis form friction?

foreskin

what muscle spasms to produce erection in corpora cavernosa?

ischiocavernous muscle

which muscles contract the corpus spongiosum resulting in urination and ejactulation?

bulbospongiosus muscles

______ produced by parasympathetic nervous system Ach in endothelial penis cells is responsible for starting erection

NO (nitric oxide)

NO increase cGMP which causes ____ channels to close and smooth muscles to vasodialate and erection

Ca2+ channels (lowers Ca2+ in cells)

what cells in anterior pituitary produce gonadotropins?

gonadotrophs

LH and FSH are both what type of molecules?

heterodimeric glycoproteins (structurally similar to TSH and ATCH as well)

all pituitary glycoproteins have the same alpha chain, what is the biologically active unit that makes them different?

beta chain

how does LH act in testes and ovaries?

testes- binds to leydig cells and stimulates testosterone secretion

ovaroes- theca cells produce testosterone and granulosa cells convert it to estrogen (priimarily in growing antral folicles)

ovulation of mature folicle in females is induced by _________ surges

LH and FSH

where does lutenizting hormone name come from?

incuding lutenization of ovulating folicles and required to maintain corpus luteum

what hormone is primary in antral folicle growth?

FSH

administration of FSH in large doses increases what?

gamete production (follicle maturation in females and sertoli cell stimulation for spermatogenesis in males)

what is the regulator produced by the hypothalamus that regulates LH and FSH

GnRH

where in hypothalamus is GnRH synthesized

arcutate nucleus (releases GnRH in pulsatile manner)

GnRH binds ______ on gonadotrophs

G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs)

in females

high frequency high amplitude GnRH secretion stimulates _______ secretion

whereas low frequency GnRH release stimulates ____________ secretion

high frequency- LH

low frequency- FSH

in follicular phase high estrogen stimulates hypothalamus causing _______

in luteal phase high progesterone and estradiol stimulates hypothalamus causing _________

surge in LH and FSH

inhibition of LH and FSH

in males GnRH secreted at relatively constant frequency but negative feedback by increased ________

testosterone

gonad hormones _____ and _______ also impact FSH secretion

inhibin and activin

elevated prolactin has what effect on GnRH in anovulatory post partum peroid?

supress GnRH

hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin) us secreted by trophoblast cells of embryo ______ days after fertilization and has LH-like activity

8-9 days

what do extrapituitary gonadotropins like hCG do in pregnancy?

keep corpus luteum active, maintain embrionic development and stimulate leydig cells of male embryos

what hormone is prolactin most similar to in structure?

GH

prolactin is secreted by ____ cells in anterior pituitary (and also made in other body cells including immune, and decidua pregnant uterus cells)

lactroph

what hormone induces mammogenesis and lactogenesis

prolactin

what hormones increase uptake of AA, fat and transcribe genes?

cortisol, insulin, prolactin