APUSH AMSCO TOPICS 4.2-4.8

Election of 1800 / “Revolution of 1800

Election between Thomas Jefferson and John Adams that resulted in a peaceful transfer of power from Federalists to Democratic-Republicans, showing that the new government could survive political change.

Louisiana Purchase (1803)

Jefferson purchased the Louisiana Territory from France for $15 million, doubling U.S. territory and gaining control of the Mississippi River and New Orleans.

Aaron Burr

Democratic-Republican who tied Jefferson in the 1800 election and became vice president; later killed Alexander Hamilton in a duel and became involved in a controversial western conspiracy.

Barbary Pirates

North African pirates who demanded payments from American ships; Jefferson sent the U.S. Navy and Marines to fight them in the First Barbary War.

Chesapeake-Leopard Affair (1807)

British warship Leopard attacked the American Chesapeake and removed sailors, increasing American anger toward Britain and contributing to the push for the Embargo Act.

Embargo Act of 1807

Jefferson banned American trade with foreign countries to pressure Britain and France; it hurt the U.S. economy more than it hurt Europe and became very unpopular.

Tecumseh

Shawnee leader who attempted to unite Native American tribes against U.S. expansion into Native lands.

Battle of Tippecanoe (1811)

U.S. forces under William Henry Harrison defeated Tecumseh's Native confederation in Indiana Territory, increasing tensions with Native Americans and Britain.

William Henry Harrison

U.S. general who defeated Tecumseh's forces at Tippecanoe; later became president and was associated with the Whig Party.

War Hawks

Young Republican members of Congress, especially Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun, who pushed for war against Britain to defend American interests and expansion.

War of 1812 (1812–1815)

War between the U.S. and Britain caused by British impressment, trade restrictions, and support for Native resistance; ended without major territorial changes but increased American nationalism.

Battle of Horseshoe Bend (1814)

Andrew Jackson defeated the Creek Indians, weakening Native resistance in the Southeast and leading to major Native land cessions.

Treaty of Ghent (1814)

Treaty that ended the War of 1812; restored prewar boundaries without resolving many of the original issues.

Battle of New Orleans (1815)

Andrew Jackson's forces defeated the British after the Treaty of Ghent had already been signed; made Jackson a national hero and increased nationalism.

Hartford Convention (1814–1815)

Meeting of New England Federalists who opposed the War of 1812; proposals for constitutional changes made the Federalists look disloyal after the war ended.

Era of Good Feelings

Period during James Monroe's presidency marked by strong nationalism, reduced political conflict, and the decline of the Federalist Party.

Tariff of 1816 / Protective Tariff

First major protective tariff designed to protect American manufacturers from cheaper British goods after the War of 1812

Henry Clay's American System

Economic plan calling for a protective tariff, a national bank, and federally funded internal improvements to strengthen the national economy.

Second Bank of the United States (1816)

National bank created to stabilize the economy, regulate state banks, and provide a reliable national currency.

Panic of 1819

First major U.S. economic depression; caused by land speculation, bank failures, and falling cotton prices, leading to widespread unemployment and debt.

Missouri Compromise (1820)

Missouri entered as a slave state and Maine as a free state; slavery was banned north of the 36°30′ line in the rest of the Louisiana Territory/law passed that kept an equal balance of power in congress between free states and slave states

Adams-Onís Treaty / Florida Purchase Treaty (1819)

Spain gave Florida to the U.S., while the U.S. gave up claims to Texas and settled the boundary between U.S. and Spanish territory.

Monroe Doctrine (1823)

U.S. policy warning European powers not to create new colonies or interfere in independent nations in the Americas; in return, the U.S. would avoid European affairs.

John Quincy Adams

Secretary of State under Monroe and later president; helped create the Monroe Doctrine and supported nationalism, internal improvements, and Clay's American System.

Erie Canal

A canal completed in 1825 connecting the Great Lakes to the Hudson River and New York City. It lowered transportation costs, encouraged trade, and helped New York become a major commercial center

Robert Fulton

Inventor and engineer who made steamboat transportation commercially successful with the Clermont in 1807, improving travel and trade along American rivers.

(Waltham) Lowell System

A factory system in which young, unmarried women worked in textile mills and lived in company-owned boardinghouses. It became an important example of early industrialization and women's wage labor

Market Revolution

A major economic transformation in the early 1800s in which improved transportation, factories, and commercial farming connected regional economies and expanded markets.

Nativists (Nativism)

People who favored native-born Americans over immigrants, especially Irish and German Catholics, because of concerns about jobs, religion, and cultural change.

Eli Whitney

Inventor of the cotton gin, which made cotton processing faster and increased the profitability of slavery; he also helped popularize interchangeable parts in manufacturing.

Universal Male Suffrage

Expansion of voting rights to nearly all white adult men, including those without property; women and most Black Americans remained excluded.

Spoils System

Giving government jobs to political supporters; Jackson used it to reward loyal Democrats.

Rotation in Office

Replacing government officials regularly to prevent them from holding office too long; Jackson used it to justify replacing officeholders.

Corrupt Bargain of 1824

Accusation that Henry Clay helped John Quincy Adams win the presidency in exchange for becoming secretary of state.

Andrew Jackson

Seventh president who expanded presidential power, opposed the national bank, and enforced Native American removal.

Martin Van Buren

Eighth president and Jackson ally who helped build the Democratic Party and presided over the Panic of 1837.

Indian Removal Act (1830)

Law allowing the federal government to remove Native American nations from southeastern lands to territory west of the Mississippi River.

Worcester v. Georgia (1832)

Supreme Court ruled Georgia could not impose its laws in Cherokee territory, but the decision was not effectively enforced by Jackson's administration.

Trail of Tears

Forced removal of the Cherokee to Indian Territory in the 1830s, during which thousands died from disease, hunger, and exposure.

Tariff of Abominations (1828)

High tariff that angered Southerners because it raised import prices and benefited Northern manufacturers.

Daniel Webster

Senator who strongly defended the Union and federal authority against states' rights arguments.

John C. Calhoun

Southern political leader who defended states' rights and argued states could nullify unconstitutional federal laws.

Bank Veto (1832)

Jackson vetoed the bill to renew the Second Bank of the U.S., arguing it favored wealthy elites and threatened democracy.

Roger Taney

Chief justice appointed by Jackson who supported presidential power and later wrote the majority opinion in Dred Scott v. Sandford.

Democrats

Jackson's political party, supporting greater political participation for white men and opposing the national bank.

Whigs

Party opposing Jackson's strong presidential power; supported Congress, a national bank, tariffs, and internal improvements.

Henry Clay

Whig leader known for promoting the American System of protective tariffs, a national bank, and internal improvements.

Specie Circular (1836)

Jackson's order requiring gold or silver to buy federal public lands, intended to limit land speculation but worsening financial problems.

Panic of 1837

Economic crisis involving bank failures, unemployment, and falling prices during Van Buren's presidency.

Log Cabin and Hard Cider" Campaign of 1840

Whig campaign portraying William Henry Harrison as an ordinary frontier man; he defeated Van Buren

John Marshall

Chief justice who strengthened federal power and the Supreme Court through decisions supporting national supremacy and judicial authority.

Marbury v. Madison (1803)

Established judicial review, the Supreme Court's power to declare laws unconstitutional.

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

Upheld the national bank and ruled states could not tax federal institutions, strengthening federal supremacy and implied powers.

Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819)

Protected private contracts by ruling that states could not interfere with Dartmouth College's charter.

Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)

Ruled Congress could regulate interstate commerce, strengthening federal control over trade between states.