Vic test 2 study guide

What was the older definition of rape, and how did definitions change?

Unlawful intercourse committed by a man with a woman who was not his wife, through force and against her will. Class notes describe movement toward sexual assault, sexual battery, and sexual violence, with older gender and relationship restrictions removed. Exact legal definitions vary.

What is forcible rape?

Penetration involving force or the threat of force.

What is sexual coercion?

Using emotional or psychological tactics to pressure someone into sexual activity.

What is statutory rape?

Sexual activity covered by a statute involving someone below the legal age of consent. Age thresholds and exceptions vary.

What is unwanted sexual contact?

Sexual touching without consent, with or without force, but without penetration.

What is visual sexual abuse?

Unwanted sexual exposure, exposure to pornography, or taking sexual images of the victim.

What is verbal sexual abuse?

Unwanted comments or sounds of a sexual nature.

What is incapacitated rape?

Rape when the victim is asleep, unconscious, or otherwise unable to consent.

What is drug/alcohol-facilitated rape?

Substances are used to intoxicate the victim and facilitate rape. This can overlap with incapacitated rape.

What must you understand about consent and resistance?

Verbal versus nonverbal consent, pressure, inability to consent, and the fact that lack of resistance is not consent. No. Not resisting does not establish consent. [Supplement] No. They cannot provide consent while asleep or unconscious.

What sexual assault rates and age group should you memorize from class?

Women experience sexual assault at about 4 times the rate of men. This is the lecture figure, not a current universal estimate. Ages 21-24.

Why do sexual assault victims often not report?

Fear of the offender; fear of further victimization by the justice system; guilt or shame; uncertainty about whether a crime occurred.

[Supplement] How do intra-individual and social exchange theories explain sexual assault?

Factors within an individual, such as psychological processes, attitudes, personality, or prior experiences. Confirm the course's precise emphasis. Perceived rewards, costs, and power in interactions; abuse may seem rewarding to an offender when consequences seem unlikely.

[Supplement] How do routine activities and lifestyle exposure theories differ?

A motivated offender, a suitable target, and the absence of a capable guardian converging in time and space. Everyday activities and social settings affect exposure to potential offenders. Responsibility remains with the offender.

[Supplement] What is response latency, and what does a longer latency mean?

Time taken to recognize or respond to threatening or sexually inappropriate cues. Confirm the textbook's usage. Later recognition or response; it is not the same as delayed police reporting.

What is the NCVS, and what sexual assault reporting finding should you know?

National Crime Victimization Survey. Less than half of people who experience sexual assault report to police. [Supplement] It collects information about crimes reported and not reported to police.

What are the four types of self-protective action? Give examples.

Actions taken during the assault to protect oneself. Forceful physical; nonforceful physical; forceful verbal; nonforceful verbal. [Supplement examples] Kicking; pulling away; yelling to stop; pleading, respectively. Exact classifications depend on course wording.

What should you know about recurring sexual victimization?

It is associated with increased likelihood of later sexual assault. Increased risk is not inevitability or victim responsibility. College women.

What are SANE and SART, and how do they differ?

SANE = Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner. SART = Sexual Assault Response Team. [Supplement] A SANE provides specialized care and forensic examination; a SART coordinates the response among professionals.

What legal protections and systemic responses to sexual assault appear in class?

Specialized police/prosecutor training and units; rape shield provisions; court-related offender HIV testing and disclosure; sex offender registration/restrictions. [Supplement] Rape shield rules restrict certain sexual-history evidence but have exceptions. HIV-testing procedures depend on applicable law; a warrant requirement is not universal. Registration regulates qualifying offenders.

[Supplement] What forms can IPV take, and does dating violence count without cohabitation?

Physical violence, sexual violence, stalking, psychological aggression, and controlling or economically abusive behavior. No. Dating violence can be IPV without cohabitation.

[Supplement] How do intra-individual and sociocultural explanations of IPV differ?

Intra-individual: individual psychological characteristics, attitudes, and prior experiences. Sociocultural: social norms, gender inequality, acceptance of violence, and power structures supporting abuse.

What is learned helplessness, including its three class components?

The victim develops a belief that they cannot change the environment or stop the abuse. Information about likely abuse; perception of its serious impact; belief that one's behavior cannot stop abuse or change the outcome.

[Supplement] What are the three phases of the cycle of violence?

Tension building: conflict and intimidation escalate. Battering: an acute abusive incident. Reconciliation/honeymoon: apologies, affection, promises, or excuses. Memory cue: T-B-R. Not every abusive relationship follows this sequence.

[Supplement] What are the four IPV consequence categories, with examples?

Physical: injury, pain, disability, death. Psychological: fear, anxiety, depression, PTSD. Social: isolation, relationship disruption, work/school problems, housing instability. Health behaviors: substance misuse or other harmful coping; abusers may also interfere with health care.

[Supplement examples] Distinguish intimidation, emotional abuse, isolation, and minimizing.

Intimidation: smashing objects or displaying a weapon. Emotional abuse: humiliation or insults. Isolation: controlling contact with friends/family. Minimizing: dismissing abuse, such as saying it was only a shove.

[Supplement examples] Distinguish using children, male privilege, economic abuse, and coercion/threats.

Using children: threatening to take them away or using them to deliver threats. Male privilege: claiming decision-making rights because one is the man. Economic abuse: controlling money or blocking employment. Coercion/threats: threatening harm to force compliance. Categories can overlap.

What are the two key milestones in recognizing child maltreatment?

1946: John Caffey described unexplained bone damage in children. 1962: C. Henry Kempe introduced/popularized battered child syndrome, concerning serious physical abuse, generally by a parent or foster parent. Correction: Kempe was a pediatrician, not a radiologist.

What is the difference between child abuse and neglect?

Abuse = commission of a harmful act, such as nonaccidental injury impairing physical or mental health. Neglect = omission of a caretaker duty, such as failing to provide food, clothing, shelter, or needed medical care.

What injury indicators of child abuse appear in class, and do they prove abuse?

Burns in toddlers, forehead bruises, spiral fractures, handprint-shaped arm bruises, and bruises on the back. [Supplement] No. Consider age, mobility, pattern, history, and whether the explanation fits. Forehead bruises and spiral fractures can have accidental causes.

How do touching and nontouching child sexual offenses differ?

Sexual contact with a child; an added example is sexual fondling. Examples from class include showing children pornography or taking sexual images of them. No. Nontouching offenses are also sexual abuse.

[Supplement] What age threshold commonly defines an older adult in elder-abuse discussions?

Age 60 or older, including CDC's definition. Some laws or programs use other thresholds; confirm the professor's definition.

[Supplement] What are the impacts of elder abuse?

Injury, persistent pain, worsening health, anxiety or depression, fear, social withdrawal, loss of trust, financial loss, reduced independence, or prematur