LAP 2 Anatomy Study Guide

4 main tissue categories and examples

• epithelial

• connective

• muscle

• neural

Different layers of the epithelium

simple epithelium: single layer of cells

stratified epithelium: several layers of cells

Different types of epithelia, where they are found, and function

simple squamous epithelium

absorption + diffusion (lines body cavities, heart, blood vessels)

stratified squamous epthelium

protects against attacks (lines mouth, throat, esophagus)

simple cuboidol epithelium

secretion + absorption (kidney tubule, ducts, thyroid glands)

stratified cuboidal epithelia

sweat ducts + mammary ducts (lining of some ducts)

transitional epithelium

permits expansion + recoil after stretching (urinary bladder)

simple columnar epithelium

absorption + secretion (lining of stomach, intestine, gallbladder, uterine tubes)

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

cilia movement (lining of nasal cavity, trachea, bronchi)

stratified columnar epithelium

protection (small areas of anus, mammary glands, salivary gland ducts, urethra)

Different categories of integumentary glands and how they secret their product

merocrine secretion

• produced in golgi apparatus

• released by vesicles (exocytosis)

• (ex. sweat glands)

apocrine secretion

• Produced in golgi apparatus

• released by shedding cytoplasm

• (ex. mammary glands)

holocrine secretion

• released by cells bursting, killing gland cells

• gland cells replaced by stem cells

• (ex. sebaceous glands)

Difference between exocrine and endocrine secretion and what organs are involved

endocrine: releases hormones into interstitial fluid; no ducts

exocrine: produces secretions onto epithelial surfaces through ducts

Different types of cellular junctions and the purpose of each

cell junctions

form bonds with other cells or extracellular material

tight junctions

• prevents passage of water + solutes

• isolates water in the lumen

gap junctions

• allow rapid communication

• allow ions to pass

• coordinate contractions in heart muscle

desmosomes

• tie cells together

• allow bending + twisting

• attach cells to the basal lamina

3 muscle types and there compositions

skeletal muscle tissue

large body mucles responsible for movement

cardiac muscle tissue

found only in the heart

smooth muscle tissue

found in wall of organs (blood vessels, urinary bladder, respiratory, digestive, reproductive tracts)

What lines the body cavities and how do they allow organs to move?

serous membranes:

• have fluid transudate to reduce friction

• have a parietal portion covering the cavity

• have a visceral portion covering the organs

Parts and functions of the integumentary system

Parts

cutaneous membrane: all skin (epidermis + dermis)

accessory structures: glands, hair (dermis)

Functions

• protection of underlying tissues + organs

• excretion of glands

• maintains body temp

• production of melanin + keratin

• synthesis of vitmain D

• storage of lipids

• detection of touch, pressure, pain, temp

What courses epidermal ridges?

dermal papillae (tiny mounds)

Difference between sensible and insensible perspiration

sensible: water excreted by sweat glands

insensible: interstitial fluid lost by evaporation through the stratum corneum

General information about the epidermis and its composition

What do pigments contribute to skin color?

Different disorders that can manifest themselves as changes in skin color

Cyanosis: reduction of blood or oxygen flow (skin turns bluish tint)

Addison’s disease: pituitary gland disease (skin darkens)

Vitiligo: loss of melanocytes and color

Jaundice: liver or gallbladder disease (skin turns yellowish tint)

What are rickets?

It is prevented by vitamin D.

It leads to weak bones.

It is prevented by sunlight.

It leads to skeletal deformity.

What are cleavage lines?

collagen + elastic fibers in the dermis (establish important patterns)

How do goosebumps form?

arrector pili is an involuntary smooth muscle that causes hairs to stand up causing goosbumps

What is the concept of what happens if body temperature rises above normal?

Thermoregulation:

• main function of sensible perspiration

• sweat glands secrete fluid to cool the skin

Why is Vitamin D important?

• helps absorb calcium + phosphorus

• a lack of vitamin D can lead to rickets

Thrombus

Contusion

damage to blood vessels resulting in “black and blue” brusing

Hematoma

Keloid

What problems /conditions can manifest themselves as changes in skin color?

Cyanosis: reduction of blood or oxygen flow (skin turns bluish tint)

Addison’s disease: pituitary gland disease (skin darkens)

Vitiligo: loss of melanocytes and color

Jaundice: liver or gallbladder disease (skin turne yellowish tint)

How do we sense temperature, and what can influence the same temperatures feeling different even though the thermometer is the same?