psych lab notes

figure checklist

parts of a figure

T-test, significant difference

if p<.05, there is a significant difference

if p>.05, there is no significant difference

reporting a t-test

t(df) = t-value, p p-value.

• df = n-1

• if p<.001 then report it as p<.001. If p>.001 then report the actual p-value to 3 dp.

• if the t-value has a – sign in front of it, don’t include the – sign

• Report the t-value to 2dp

• Do not report a 0 before the decimal point for any p-values

• Italicise the letters p and t

presenting t test values

The letters M, SD, t, and p are italicised.

• The means, standard deviations and t-values are presented to 2 dp.

• The p-value is presented to 3 dp.

• There are no zeros in front of the decimal place for p-values.

Roediger & McDermott: Experimental Paradigm

• Data from this study suggests that people can generate memories for stimuli that they were not presented.

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misinformation effect - loftus and palmer (1974)

Can information we are exposed to after the event change our memory for the event?

• when use a more aggressive verb to describe the crash, people estimated speed of the cars as higher despite watching them the same video at same speed

• same applies when a week later, were asked if saw any broken glass in the video. more aggressive verbs said saw glass, even though there was none

pavlovian conditioning

• have unconditioned stimuli that induced salivation (meat)

• have neutral stimulus that causes dog to orient towards the sound, but no salivation (tone)

• pair neutral stimulus and unconditioned stimulus, unti tone alone causes salivation (conditioned stimulus)

operant conditioning

voluntary behaviour is strengthened or weakened based of reinforcers

aversive punishment / positive punishment

response occurs → aversive stimulus is presented → response decreases

reposnse cost / negative punishment

response occurs → positive stimulus is removed → response decreases

positive reinforcement

response occurs → positive stimulus is presented → response increases

negative reinforcement

response occurs → an aversive stimulus is removed → response increases

measuring emotion

Emotions can be studied using:

• Experimental approaches

• Correlational approaches

• Experience sampling

Experimental Approaches

Effects of Manipulating Emotions on Outcomes

• emotiona manipulations (play music, movies, sotires, faces, pictures to induce emotions)

• emotional responses (self report, ratings, physiology, behaviour, neural response)

geneva emotion wheel

allows for more specific rating of emotion

Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS)

Positive and Negative Affect are Independent

• Ambivalent (feeling both positive and negative emotions at the same time)

• Your best friend just got a great job while you are still unemployed.

• Your last day at uni.

• Death of a family member after a long painful illness

electrodermal responding

Captures the change in the electrical conductivity of the skin due to sweat gland secretion activated by the sympathetic nervous system

facial electromyography (EMG)

Typically captures activity in the zygomaticus major (smiles) and corrugator supercilia muscles (frowns)