Animal Science and Nutrition Comprehensive Review

Comprehensive set of 300 vocabulary flashcards covering animal science specialties, nutrition, feeds and feeding, sheep production, and feed additives.

Hunting and Gathering Era

The historical period during which humans hunted and consumed animals for $2\text{ million years}$ before domesticating them.

Agrarian Transition

The cultural revolution toward civilization marked by humans transitioning from hunter-gatherers to farmers.

Genetics (Animal Science Specialty)

The science of heredity and variation of inherited characteristics in animals.

Nutrition (Animal Science Specialty)

The study of how organisms take in and use food for body needs, combining feeding management and feeds for economical production and/or long life.

Physiology (Animal Science Specialty)

The study of the mechanisms of life, including reproductive, renal, and exercise physiology.

Reproductive Physiology

A branch of physiology focused on the biological mechanisms of animal reproduction.

Renal Physiology

A physiological specialty examining kidney function, fluid regulation, and excretory processes in animals.

Exercise Physiology

A physiological field studying the functional responses and adaptations of animal body systems to physical activity.

Animal Health (Specialty)

The study of how diseases, parasites, and environmental factors affect animal welfare and productivity.

Disease

Any state in an animal other than a state of health.

Animal Behavior (Specialty)

The field providing greater control over animals to reduce labor and feed costs and maximize genetic potential through welfare assessment, behavioral control, disorder management, and genetics.

Meat Science

The discipline that deals with the handling, distributing, and marketing of finished meat products.

Meat

The edible flesh of animals used for food.

Dairy Product Science

The area of animal science focused on collecting, handling, and marketing milk.

Biotechnology

Technical applications of biological organisms, systems, or processes in animal science.

Global Large Farm Animal Inventory

Approximately $4.9\text{ billion}$ large farm animals present in the world.

Global Poultry Inventory

Approximately $22.9\text{ billion}$ poultry present globally.

Annual Growth Rate of Large Farm Animals

An increase occurring at a rate of $1\%$ annually for decades.

Annual Growth Rate of Poultry

An increase occurring at a rate of $5\%$ annually.

Omnivore Diet

The dietary pattern of consuming both plants and animals, characteristic of humans.

Plant Contribution to Human Food Energy

Plants supply $82.3\%$ of total human food energy globally.

Animal Product Contribution to Human Food Energy

Animal products supply approximately $17.7\%$ of total human food energy.

Animal Product Contribution to Dietary Protein

Animals serve as a more important source of protein than calories, supplying approximately $40\%$ (or $40.17\%$) of dietary protein globally.

Meat Share of Animal Protein

Meat accounts for $48.4\%$ of the protein supplied by animal products.

Milk Share of Animal Protein

Milk supplies $26\%$ of the protein derived from animal sources.

Fish Share of Animal Protein

Fish accounts for $17\%$ of the protein supplied from animal products.

Egg Share of Animal Protein

Eggs provide $8.6\%$ of the total protein supplied by animal products.

Animal Protein in Developed Countries

Developed nations obtain a greater percentage of their total protein from animal products than developing countries.

Nutrient Density

A characteristic of meat, eggs, and dairy products that deliver high levels of nutrients relative to calorie content.

High-Quality Animal Protein

Protein supplied by an animal diet that contains essential amino acids in superior balance compared to plant protein.

Essential Amino Acids in Animal Foods

Vital amino acids supplied more abundantly and in more complete proportions by animal foods than by plants.

Global Undernutrition Population

Approximately $795\text{ million}$ people who are undernourished worldwide.

Global Food Energy and Protein Breakdown (Figure 0)

A dual pie chart displaying that all vegetable products supply $82.3\%$ of energy and $59.83\%$ of protein, while all animal products supply $17.7\%$ of energy and $40.17\%$ of protein.

Cereals (Dietary Energy Share)

The plant category supplying $45.16\%$ of total global human food energy.

Cereals (Dietary Protein Share)

The plant category supplying $40.42\%$ of total global dietary protein.

Treenuts, Oilcrops, and Vegetable Oils (Energy Share)

A plant food group supplying $12.20\%$ of global food energy.

Treenuts, Oilcrops, and Vegetable Oils (Protein Share)

A plant food group supplying $3.98\%$ of global dietary protein.

Sugar, Sugar Crops, and Sweeteners (Energy Share)

A plant group that provides $8.15\%$ of global human food calories.

Starchy Roots and Pulses (Energy Share)

A plant food category supplying $7.18\%$ of total global caloric intake.

Starchy Roots and Pulses (Protein Share)

A plant food category providing $8.00\%$ of total global dietary protein.

Vegetables and Fruits (Energy Share)

A plant category supplying $6.52\%$ of total global food energy.

Vegetables and Fruits (Protein Share)

A plant category supplying $7.43\%$ of total global dietary protein.

Alcoholic Beverages (Energy Share)

A plant-derived dietary component providing $2.40\%$ of global food energy.

Miscellaneous Plant Products (Energy Share)

A minor plant category that provides $0.70\%$ of global human food energy.

Meat and Offal (Dietary Energy Share)

The animal product component that accounts for $8.29\%$ of global human caloric intake.

Meat and Offal (Dietary Protein Share)

The animal product component supplying $19.44\%$ of total global dietary protein.

Milk and Dairy (Dietary Energy Share)

The dairy category providing $4.84\%$ of total global food energy.

Milk and Dairy (Dietary Protein Share)

The dairy category providing $10.46\%$ of total global dietary protein.

Animal Fats (Dietary Energy Share)

An animal-derived dietary component supplying $2.13\%$ of global food energy.

Eggs (Dietary Energy Share)

A poultry product supplying $1.22\%$ of total global human food energy.

Eggs (Dietary Protein Share)

A poultry product supplying $3.44\%$ of total global dietary protein.

Fish and Aquatic Animals (Dietary Energy Share)

Aquatic animals providing $1.18\%$ of total global caloric intake.

Fish and Aquatic Animals (Dietary Protein Share)

Aquatic animals supplying $6.83\%$ of total global dietary protein.

Draft Animals

Work animals vital to Asian, African, and Latin American countries upon which food production in less developed nations depends.

Developing Agriculture Dependency on Draft Power

The heavy reliance of agricultural food production in less developed countries on working draft animals.

Non-Human Agricultural Power Share

$80\%$ of non-human power in developing countries is supplied by draft animals.

Animal Models in Biomedical Research

Animals utilized as experimental biological analogs for humans in scientific and medical investigations.

Human Life Span Extension

An increase of $30\text{ years}$ in human life expectancy achieved in part through biomedical research using animals.

Animal Companionship

The human-animal bond that enhances personal well-being through service, therapy, and assistance roles.

Service, Therapy, and Assistance Animals

Categories of companion animals trained to support physical, psychological, and physiological human well-being.

Inedible Feed Bioconversion

The unique capability of agricultural livestock to convert human-inedible plants and roughages into valuable, nutrient-dense products.

Projected 2050 Livestock Production

The forecasted doubling of animal product output by the year $2050$ to meet global human demands.

Livestock Revolution

Large increases in supply and demand of livestock and animal products worldwide occurring at the end of the 20th century and into the 21st century.

Green Revolution

Dramatic improvements in grain production in developing countries during the 1960s to 1980s driven by technological innovation and application.

Drivers of Global Livestock Product Demand

The combined impact of rapid human population growth and rising personal income levels.

Biofuel Production Impact on Food

The expanding demand for biofuel crops that increasingly influences grain availability and consumer food prices.

Feed Cost Proportion in Livestock Production

Feed and feeding expenses account for $45\text{--}75\%$ of the total cost of livestock production.

Monogastric Nutritionist

A nutritional specialist focused on single-stomached animals such as poultry, swine, horses, dogs, cats, fish, rats, mice, and zoo animals.

Monogastric Species Examples

Animals possessing simple, single-chambered stomachs, including swine, poultry, horses, dogs, cats, fish, and rodents.

Ruminant Nutritionist

A nutritional specialist focusing on species with a rumen, including sheep, goats, dairy cattle, and beef cattle.

Ruminant Species Examples

Multi-compartment forestomach animals, such as sheep, goats, dairy cattle, and beef cattle.

Basic Nutritionist

A scientist studying the fundamental biochemical, cellular, and metabolic mechanisms of nutrition.

Applied (Production) Nutritionist

A specialist focused on practical feeding management, ration formulation, and cost-effective animal performance.

Nutrients

Substances required for life processes that provide energy and building material for the animal body.

Physiological Roles of Nutrients

Providing the necessary chemical energy and structural cellular building blocks to sustain life processes.

Dietary Essential Nutrients

Nutrients required for normal physiological function that cannot be synthesized by the body and must be obtained directly from the diet.

Dietary Nonessential Nutrients

Nutrients that can be synthesized internally by the animal's metabolic processes and do not strictly need to be consumed.

Six Nutrient Classes

Water, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals, proteins, and fats (lipids).

Energy-Yielding Nutrient Classes

Carbohydrates, proteins, and fats, all of which yield energy to the animal through their metabolic breakdown products.

Water (Nutrient Functions)

Serves as a lubricant, body temperature regulator, solvent for solid components, transporting medium in fluids, and participant in chemical reactions.

Animal Water Intake Sources

Water requirements are met through drinking free water, consuming moisture contained in feedstuffs, and metabolic water production.

Metabolic Water

Water produced inside the animal body through chemical reactions that break down carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.

Carbohydrates

Organic compounds including sugars, starches, and cellulose that supply energy and make up the largest single percentage of nutrient content in feedstuffs.

Starch

An easily digestible complex carbohydrate composed of long chains of linked glucose molecules, prevalent in cereal grains.

Cellulose

A complex carbohydrate structural polymer of linked glucose molecules found in forages that requires microbial fermentation to digest.

Glucose Polymerization in Carbohydrates

The biochemical linkage of repeating glucose units that form complex carbohydrate chains such as starch and cellulose.

Enzymatic Digestion of Starch

The rapid breakdown of starch and sugars by host animal digestive enzymes.

Microbial Fermentation of Cellulose

The only biological mechanism capable of digesting cellulose, executed by microbes in the rumen or hindgut.

Fermentation Sites (Rumen and Hindgut)

The specialized anatomical compartments—the rumen in ruminants and the hindgut in certain monogastrics—where microbial digestion of fiber occurs.

Forages (Carbohydrate Profile)

Feeds such as pastures, silages, and hay primarily composed of structural cellulose.

Cereal Grains (Carbohydrate Profile)

Feedstuffs composed predominantly of easily digestible starch and sugars.

Feedstuff Carbohydrate Proportion

Carbohydrates account for the largest single percentage of total nutrient content in animal feedstuffs.

Proteins

Nitrogenous organic compounds made up of long chains of amino acids, required for growth and tissue replacement.

Amino Acid Building Blocks

The individual molecular subunits linked by peptide bonds to form structural and functional protein molecules.

Protein Needs in Growing Animals

The dietary protein required by young livestock specifically to build and develop new body tissues.

Protein Turnover in Mature Animals

The ongoing physiological requirement in adult animals to replace exhausted or degraded body proteins.

High Protein Demand in Lactation and Gestation

Physiological reproductive stages that necessitate substantial amounts of dietary protein to support fetal growth and milk synthesis.

Plant Sources of Protein

Feedstuffs including soybean, cottonseed, and alfalfa that provide high concentrations of dietary protein.

Fats (Lipids)

High-energy organic esters of fatty acids and glycerol providing concentrated energy, thermal insulation, and fat-soluble vitamin carriage.

Fatty Acids and Glycerol

The structural chemical breakdown products of dietary fats utilized by the animal body.