exercise 40- urinary system

filters dissolved material from the blood, regulates electrolytes and fluid volume, concentrates and stores waste products, and reabsorbs metabolically important substances, returning them to the circulatory system

urinary system

occurs when one or more substances passes through a selectively permeable membrane, whereas others doe not

filtration

water, glucose, sodium and potassium ions are all ____ from the body

reabsorbed

the kidney secretes ____, some drugs, hydrogen and hydroxide ions, and hormones such as renin and erythropoietin

urea

the kidneys are _____ and are embedded in ___ ___ ____

retroperitoneal, renal fat pads

what level of the vertebral column are the kidneys located

t12 to l3

the kidney has a depression on the medial side where the ____ ____ enters the organ, and where the _____ ____ and the _____ exit the kidney

renal artery, renal vein, ureter

what is the name of the depression where the tubes come to

hilum

touch connective tissue on the outside of the kidney

renal capsule

what are the two layers of tissue on the kidney

renal cortex and renal medulla

renal ____ are separated by the renal ___ in the renal medulla

pyramids, columns

each renal pyramid ends in a blunt point called the renal ___,

papilla

urine drips from the many papilla toward the ___ of the kidney

middle

what structure collects the urine and encloses the papillae

renal calyces (calyx)

what are the two types of calyces

minor and major

___calyces are somewhat like funnels that collect fluid. these lead to ___ calyces, which in turn conduct fluid into the large ___ ___

minor, major, renal pelvis

located in a space known as the renal sinus

renal pelvis

the renal pelvis is attached to the ___ at the medial side of the kidney

ureter

what are the two fluid flows of the kidney

filtrate and blood

the blood enters the kidney by the way of the ____ ___, then passes through the _____ arteries, then to the ____ arteries

renal artery, interlobar, arcuate

arcuate arteries take blood to the ___ _____ arteries

cortical radiate

from one of the cortical radiate arteries, blood flows into an ____ arteriole, through the ______, and to the ____ arteriole

afferent, glomerulus, efferent

after the efferent arteriole, the blood flows through the ____ capillaries, then returns via the _____ _____, the arcuate veins, and the interlobar veins, to the renal vein

peritubular, cortical radiate

the separation between the renal cortex and the renal medulla occurs at the level of the ____ arteries and veins

arcuate

there are vessels that branch off of the peritubular capillaries and form a network of blood vessels known as the ___ ____

vasa recta

the vasa recta are vessels found primarily in the ___ cortex

medullary

the vasa recta are found in association of with _______ nephrons, which play an important part in producing concentrated urine

juxtamedullary

where are juxtamedullary nephrons found

adrenal cortex

the blood flow of the kidney forms a portal system, in which blood flows from one capillary bed (the ____) to another capillary bed (the peritubular capillaries) prior to returning to the heart

glomerulus

teh capillaries of the ___ are the site of filtration, whereas peritubular capillaries are the site of ___

glomerulus, reabsorption

is the distal or proximal convoluted tubule closer to the renal corpuscle

distal, loops twist to make it opposite

a cluster of capillaries in the renal cortex

glomerulus

blood travels to the nephrons via the ___ arteriole. when blood reaches the glomerulus, the plasma is filtered by blood pressure forcing fluid across the capillary membranes, which is due to holes in the walls called _____

afferent, fenestrae

what is the name of the fluid flowing in the nephrons

filtrate

a tube that receives the end product of the nephron

collecting duct

represent 85 % of glomeruli

cortical glomeruli

the distal convoluted tubules do not have ____ like the proximal tubules, so they do not appear fuzzy

microvilli

long thin tubes that conduct urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder

ureters

urine is moved by ____ from the kidney to the urinary bladder

peristalsis

layer of smooth muscle located in the wall of the bladder

detrusor muscle

triangular region on the posterior wall of the bladder known as the ____. defined by superior entrances of the ureters and inferior exit of the urethra

trigone

what type of epithelium does the bladder have so it can withstand stretching

transitional

urethra in females passes from the urinary bladder to the _____ ____ ____

external urethral orifice

as the bladder expands, it stretches, and neurons in the bladder stimulate the ____ reflex, where the internal sphincter of the bladder opens , which is under voluntary control

micturition