(DDS LEC) LESSON 8: SOLID DOSAGE FORMS

_______________

• solid dosage form composed of a solid or mixture of solids reduced to finely divided state and intended for internal (like puffs or insufflations) or external use (apply on skin)

• have qualities that makes it an attractive dosage from for certain situations such as having a faster absorption

• it provides a rapid onset of action duet o having smaller surface area

powders

Onzetra: __________________

sumatripan

__________________ is the science of small particles; the study of a number of characteristics, including particle size, and size distribution, shape, angle or repose, porosity true volume, bulk volume apparent density, and bulkiness

• size matter because it can affect uniformity

micromeritics

Particle size analysis
Purpose:

1. ________________ of particles

2. _______________ of particles —> Colloidal dispersion should be ____ to ___ um

3. _________________ of a drug substance

4. __________________ of particles —> inhalations; particle size should be __-__ um para di madetect as foreign substance ng body

5. Lack of _________________ for dermal prepartions

Dissolution rate
Suspendability
10
50
Uniform distribution
Penetrability
1
5
grittiness

What are the 5 Size Classifications?

1. -

2. -

3. -

4. -

5. -

Very course No.8
Course No. 20
Moderately coarse No. 40
Fine No. 60
Very fine No. 80

___________________

• all particles pass through NO.8 SIEVE, and not more than 20% pass through a NO.60 SIEVE

Very coarse No.8

_____________________

• all particles pass through a NO.20 SIEVE and not more than 40% pass through a NO.60 SIEVE

Coarse No.20

_____________________

• all particles pass through a NO.40 SIEVE and not more than 40% pass through a NO.60 SIEVE

Moderately Coarse No.40

_____________________

• all particles pass through a NO.60 SIEVE and not more than 40% pass through a NO.100 SIEVE

Fine No.60

_____________________

• all particles pass through a NO.80 SIEVE

Very fine No.80

Sieve # pertains to the number of _________________ per linear inch

The LOWER THE SIEVE NUMBER = ____________ OPENINGS

square openings
bigger

What are the 6 methods of determining particle size?

1. -

2. -

3. -

4. -

5. -

6. -

Sieving
Microscopy
Sedimentation rate
Light energy diffraction
Laser Holography
Cascade Impaction

_________________

• particles are passed by mechanical shaking through a series of sieves

• ____ to ___________ um

Sieving
40
9500

_________________

• particles are sized through the use of a CALIBRATED BACKGROUND or other measuring device

• ____ to ___________ um

Microscopy
0.2
100

_________________

• determined by measuring the SETTLING VELOCITY of particles in a liquid medium in a gravitational or centrifugal environment

• ____ to _________ um

Sedimentation rate
0.8
300

d² = _________________ in the STOKE’S EQUATION

particle size

____________________

• determined by the reduction in light reaching the sensor as the particle, dispersed in a liquid medium, passes the sensing zone

• also known as _____________

• ____ to _______ um

• Ex: He-Ne laser

Light energy diffraction
Laser scattering
0.2
500

____________________

• pulsed laser is fired through an aerosolized particle and is photographed in three dimensions with a holographic camera

• ____ to _______ um

Laser holography
1.4
100

____________________

• follows the principle that a particle DRIVEN BY AN AIRSTREAM will hit a surface in its path

• presence of AIR ung difference sa sieving

Cascade Impaction

_______________ is the mechanical process of reducing the size of particles or aggregates

Comminution

_____________ is used for a small scale comminution.

Types:

1. -

2. -

3. -

Mortal & Pestle
Wedgewood
Glass
Porcelain

___________________

• the type of mortar and pestle that has the MOST POROUS SURFACE

• for crystalline solids or those with hard lumps

• disadvantage: easily stained

wedgewood

___________________

• the type of mortar and pestle that is for soft aggregates

porcelain

___________________

• the type of mortar and pestle that is non-porous and does not stain easily

• it is used for liquid preparations

Glass

What are the 5 methods of Comminution?

1. -

2. -

3. -

4. -

5. -

6. -

Trituration
Levigation
Spatulation
Sifting
Tumbling

_______________ is the process of grinding a drug in a mortar to reduce its particle size

Trituration

______________ is the process of triturating a drug with a small amount of solvent liquid in a mortar or ointment slab

Levigation

_________________ is the process of blendign small amounts of powders by movement of spatula through a sheet of paper or ointment tile

Spatulation

___________________

• can be employed to both comminute and mix powders

• _____________ is employed to ensure uniform distribution

Trituration
gradual dilution

__________________

• results in a light, fluffy product

sifting

_________________

• mixing the powders in a rotating chamber

tumbling

___________________

• should have a uniform, small particle size that will not irritate the skin when applied

• impalpable and free flowing

• consists of a base (e.g. corstarch and talc), adherent(e.g. stearate salts of magnesium, zinc, and calcium), active ingredient, and aromatic material

• Example: WoundSeal powder

Topical powders

___________________ are finely divided powders that are intended to be applied in body cavity

• Ex. Sumatriptan —> 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor agonist

Insufflated powders

_____________________

• administered by INHALATION with the aid of DPIs (________________ which has no propellant)

• particle size range of the micronized medication: ____ to ______ um

Aerosol powders
Dry powder inhalation
1
6

MDI = ___________________

Metered dose inhaler

_______________________

• limited to non-potent substances

• Examples: Sodium bicarbonate, Psyllium, and douche powders

______________: after the powder has been properly blended, it may be divided into individual dosing units placed on a small piece of paper or ____________ is folded to enclose the medication

Bulk and divided powders
Divded powders
Chartula

___________ refers to the powder paper

Chartula

STORAGE

For divided powders, specially manufactured ____________ and _________ are available

Powder papers:

1. ______________ —> thin, semi-opaque, moisture resistant

2. _____________ —> opaque, non-moisture resistant

3. _____________ —> transparent, moisture-resistant

4. ______________ —> transparent and waterproof, for hygroscopic and volatile drugs

For Powder boxes, PRESCRIPTION LABELS may be pasted on ______ of the lid

papers
boxes
vegetable parchment
white bond
glassine
waxed
waxed
top

____________________

• dry aggregates of powder particles that may contain one or more APIs, with or without other ingredients

• irregularly shaped but may be prepared to be ___________ so it can move freely

• can pass through ____ to ________ mesh sieve size range

Granules
spherical
4
12

What are the 2 methods of Granulation:

1. -

2. -

Dry Granulation
Wet Granulation

___________________

• used for MOISTURE and HEAT-SENSITIVE drugs such as Vitamins and Aspirin

Methods of Dry granulation:

1. Use of _________________ - process of processing fine powder into dense ______________

2. ________________ - involves compaction of the components into big tablets called __________ followed by milling and screening prior to final compression

Dry granulation

Roller compactor
ribbon sheets
Slugging
slugs

____________________

• process of converting the drug and excipient into granules that flows well into dies

• involves _______________ (like kneading dough in baking) and wet screening the powders

• Example: Paracetamol tablets

Wet granulation
Wet massing

____________________

• granules containing sodium bicarbonate and either citric acid, tartaric acid, or sodium biphosphate in addition to the active ingredient and which, on solution in water, carbon dioxide is released because of the acid-base reaction

• the release of the water of crystallization makes the powder coherent and helps form the granules

Effervescent granules