Ch 2 ITS: Matter, States, and Particle Theory

Matter

Occupies space and has mass. Can be sensed and measured. Made of particles.

Four states of Matter

Solid, liquid, gas, plasma.

Non-matter

Light, sound, heat energy.

Kinetic-Molecular Theory of Matter

1. All matter is particles. 2. Particles are always moving. 3. There are spaces between particles. 4. Particles attract to one another.

Particle model

Says matter is made up of atoms.

Proton

Positive charge.

Neutron

Neutral (no) charge.

Electrons

Have very little mass, but take up most of the volume.

Quarks

What protons and neutrons are made of.

Diffusion

Process of particles mixing into liquids, gases, or solids.

Brownian motion

Random movement of particles of matter.

Mass

Amount of matter of an object. Measured in Kg.

Weight

Pull of earth's gravity on matter. Measured in Newtons.

Volume measurement methods

Direct measure and displacement.

Meniscus

Curved surface of water in a graduated cylinder.

Density

Amount of matter in a specific volume.

Equation for density

ᵨ = mass / volume.

Pure Substances

Consist of one kind of atom or more than one kind of atom in a fixed ratio.

Element

One kind of atom.

Compound

More than one kind of atom in a fixed ratio.

Mixture

Two or more substances NOT bonded into compounds.

Homogenous mixture

Particles same size and evenly mixed. Solutions.

Heterogenous mixture

Particles not the same size.

Plasma

Contains charged particles (ions and free electrons) that move independently and respond to electric and magnetic fields.

Kinetic energy

How fast the particles are moving.

Compressibility

How much the substance can change in volume under pressure.

Viscosity

Resistance of liquids to flow.

Fluid

Liquids and gas can flow.

Melting

Solid to liquid.

Freezing

Liquid to solid.

Triple point

All three phases of matter at the same time.

Vaporization

Liquid to gas.

Vapor

Gaseous state.

Vapor pressure

Pressure exerted by vapor molecules.

Kinds of vaporization

1. Boiling 2. Evaporation.

Deposition

Gas to solid.

Condensation

Opposite of vaporization.

Sublimation

Solid to vapor.

Physical change

Composition of material unchanged.

Chemical change

Substance is changed into something new.