history midterm

How did Charles Darwin view his biological process of ‘natural selection’?

Europeans at the top of the biological hierarchy

How did William Robertson view elite European commercial society?

The pinnacle of a lawlike stage of human development

How did G.W.F. Hegel view human history?

The unfolding of a dialectical process, with Europeans as the inevitable winners

When was the Mongol empire in power?

13th-14th century

Who did the Mongol empire begin under?

Chinggis Khan

When did Chinggis Khan live?

1162-1227

What family did Chinggis Khan come from?

Nomadic family on Eurasian steppe

Which empire would eventually be the largest ever Eurasian continental empire?

Mongol empire

How did the Mongol empire utilize the Silk Road?

A series of overland trading routes across Central Asia, connecting East Asia to Europe

Who did the Mongol empire peak under?

Khubilai Khan

When did Khubilai Khan live?

1215-1294

When was the conquest of Chinese Song Dynasty?

1279

What was the result of the conquest of Chinese Song Dynasty?

Became Mongol-controlled Yuan dynasty centered on Beijing

How was the Mongol-controlled Yuan dynasty governed?

Often through local elites, including in China

What was the Pax Mongolica?

A period of relative peace and prosperity under 13th-14th century Mongol domination

Where was Pax Mongolica not applicable?

Where cities resisted Mongol domination

What is an example of Mongol resistance?

Sacking of Baghdad

When was the Sacking of Baghdad?

1258

What happened when the Mongolian empire weakened?

Splintered into seperate khanates

When was the Bubonic Plague?

1345-1351

What is another name for the Bubonic Plague?

Black Death

How did the Bubonic Plague spread?

Via the Silk Road

What is the Black Plague credited to have done?

Destablized / ended Medieval Europe

What was the Bubonic Plague likely originated by?

Central Asian highland marmots

The Bubonic Plague was carried westward by which forces?

Mongol forces

How were the Mongol forces affected by the Black Plague?

They were significantly weakened by it

When was the siege of Kaffa?

1346

What was the Siege of Kaffa?

Mongol forces catapulted plague corpses over city walls

Who fled to Europe following the Siege of Kaffa?

Genoese merchants

What did the Genoese merchants take to Europe?

The Black Plague

When did the Little Ice Age begin?

13th-19th century

What did the Little Ice Age mean for the people?

Colder, wetter weather increased famines and reduced immunity

What did the Little Ice Age do for the economy?

Spurred economic depression

What was the Little Ice Age porolematic for?

The Silk Road Trade

What 3 things weakened the Silk Road trade?

Black Plague, imperial overextension, and the Little Ice Age

What did the Mongol decline precipitate?

Rise of nearby countries emperors

Which empire rose during the Mongol decline?

Mughal South Asia

Which countries empire rose during the Mongol decline?

Ming China

Which empire rose during the Mongol decline?

Ottoman empire

Which empire rose during the Mongol decline?

Russia

What was the most important Mongol territory?

Ming China

Where was the Yuan Dynasty established?

Ming China

Who established the Yuan Dynasty?

Khububilai Khan

What is the timeline of the Yuan Dynasty?

1271-1368

When did Zhu Yuanzhang live?

1328-1398

Who was Zhu Yuanzhang?

Han peasant who began the Red Turban movement

What was the Red Turban movement?

The overthrow of the Ming dynasty

When did Bey Osman live?

1254-1323

Who was Bey Osman?

Turkick speaking founder of the Ottoman empire

What did Bey Osman originally control?

Small tributary of the Mongols in Anatolia

What language did Bey Osman speak?

Turkish

Where did Bey Osman launch raids in the late 13th century?

Byzantine territory

Who ceased tributary payments to Mongols?

Bey Osman

When did Zahir ud-Din Muhammad Babur live?

1483-1530

Who founded the Mughal empire?

Babur

What does Mughal mean?

Mongol in Arabic and Persian

Who did Babur eventually defeat at Delhi?

Muslim sultanate

What did Babur’s defeat of Muslim sultanate do for Mughal domain?

Extend into northern India

What is the Grand Duchy of Muscovy?

Major Mongol tributary

When did Ivan III live?

1440-1505

What happened for Russian empire when Mongol authority wekaned?

Grand Ducky of Moscovy became seat of Russian empire under Ivan III

Who annexed Novgorod?

Czarist empire

What marked the beginning of Russian expansion?

Annex of Novgorod, Kazan, and Astrakhan khanates

Where did Russian expansion occur?

Southeast and Siberia

What followed the Pax Mongolia?

Maritime trade and exploration, avoidance of Silk Road routes

When did Zheng He live?

1371-1433

What did the Ming dynasty gain after Pax Mongolia?

advantage under Zheng He

When was the Ming treasue fleet?

1405-1433

What is the Ming treasure fleet?

Sailed across Indian ocean to establish tributary and trading relationships

What did the Ming treasure fleet succeed in?

Developing peaceful diplomatic reltationships

What did the Ming treasure fleet not suceed in?

Extending tributary system beyond east and southeast Asia

Who aquired the Ming giraffe and where?

Zheng He in Bengal

When was the Ming giraffe aqcuired?

1414

What did the Ming giraffe represent?

Vibrant Indian Ocean trading culture

What is included in Indian Ocean trading culture?

East Africa, West Asia, South and East Asia

The Ottoman empire participated in Indian Ocean trade

True

Indian Ocean slave trade was similar to chattel slavery

False

When was the gunpowder revolution?

13th-17th century

Where was gunpowder invented?

China

When was gunpowder invented?

10th century

How was gunpowder spread?

Silk Road and Mongol invasions

What did the gunpowder revolution encourage?

Larger, more centralized, more powerful states

What kind of states did the gunpowder revolution help?

Those with resources to build and maintain weapons and ability to subdue conventional arms

What made it feasible for large states to expand and grow tax base?

Gunpowder revolution

What spelled the beginning of the end of the armored knight?

Gunpowder revolution

What was instrumental in the Ottoman conquest of Constantinople?

Cannons

When was the Ottoman conquest of Constantinople?

1453

Which 1526 battle were cannons used by Ottomans?

Battle of Mohacs

What things other than cannons were used at the Battle of Mohacs?

enslaved troops armored with muskets

When were Janissary corps created?

Late 14th century

Who created Janissary corps?

Sultan Murad I

What is the sipahi?

Elite cavalry who directly served the sultan

Why did the sipahi serve the sultan?

Condition of occupying and administering lands

What displaced the sipahi?

Janissary corps

What was a significant factor in Baburs victory over Delhi sultanate?

Gunpowder

When was Baburs victory over Delhi sultanate?

1526

Polities in India were armed with gunpowder

True

Who was the Mughal army centralized under?

Jalal-ud-din Muhammad Akbar

When did Jalal-ud-din Muhammad Akbar live?

1542-1605

Where did Mongol forces attempt advance in 1480?

Russia