Eukaryote Diversity L11

Metabolic Diversity

Based upon how the microbes obtain energy

Functional Diversity

Based upon what the cells are doing, often includes metabolic diversity

Morphological diversity

Based upon the visual appearance of the cells

Phylogenetic diversity

Based upon the evolutionary relationship between microbes (BASED UPON 18s rRNA)

What are the 5 Protist Phyla’s

1. Archaeplastida

2. SAR Clade

3. Excavates

4. Amoebozoa

5. Haptophytes

Characteristics of Excavata: DIPLOMONADS and PARABASALIDS

1. Conserved energy via FERMENTATION

2. Unicellular, flagellated

3. Lack mitochondria and chloroplasts

4. Anoxic environment as symbionts or parasites

Characteristics of Excavata: KINETOPLASTIDS

1. Unicellular, free living or parasitic flagellated

2. Has KINETOPLASTS (a mass of DNA) in their mitochondrion

Characteristics of Excavata: EUGLENIDS

1. NON-PATHOGENIC

2. Line in aquatic habitats

3. Chemotrophs and phototrophic

SAR Clade: Alveolata

1. They have ALVEOLI which are cytoplasmic sacs located just under the cytoplasmic membrane

What are the three kinds of alveolates

1. Ciliates: use cilia for movement

2. Dinoflagellates: use flagellum for movement

3. Apicomplexans: animal parasites

Ciliates

1. Posses cilia

2. Have two nuclei (Micronuclei and macronuclei)

Dinoflagelletes

1. Move in a spinning motion with flagella

2. Aquatic phototrophic alveolates

3. Can be toxic causing ‘red tides’

Apicomplexans

1. non-phototrophic obligate parasites

2. Cause malaria and toxoplasmosis

3. spread via sporozites

4. Have apicoplats (degenerate chloroplasts)

SAR Clade : Stamenopiles

1. Chemoorganotrophic and phototrophic microbes

2. Have flagella with short, hair-like extensions

3. Include: Diatoms, oomycetes, golden algae, brown algae

SAR Clade: Stramenopiles: Diatoms

1. Planktonic phytoplankton

2. Cell walls are made of silica

3. Asexual reproduction which always produces smaller cells

SAR Clades: Stramenopiles: Oomycetes

1. Water molds, previously thought to be fungi

2. Cell walls are made of cellulose

3. Decomposers in aquatic environments

SAR Clades: Stramenopiles: Golden and Brown Algae

1. Golden algae are mostly unicellular

2. Contain Chl c

3. Brown Algae are MULTICELLULAR and macroscopic

4. Colour comes from carotenoid pigments

SAR Clade: Rhizaria

1. Unique threadlike cytoplasmic extrusions called PSEUDOPODIA which are used for movement and feeding

SAR Clade: Rhizaria: Chlorarachniophyes

1. Marine and freshwater

2. Amoeba-like phototrophs that develop a flagellum for dispersal

SAR Clade: Rhizaria: Foraminiferans

1. Marine only

2. Have an ornate calcium carbonate test which does not decay easily

SAR Clade: Rhizaria: Radiolarians

1. Mostly planktonic

2. Tests are made on silica and have radial symmetry

3. Strictly heterotrophic, eating bacteria

4. Radiating spines help organism to float

5. In areas of ocean receiving enough light, there is a common relationship with algal symbionts

Haptophytes: Coccolithophores

1. Unicellular free living aquatic phototrophs

2. Two flagella, two chloroplasts

3. Haptonema (used for attachment and defense)

4. Rigid polysaccharide plates called coccoliths in this case

5. Ecologically important in carbon cycling, including the ‘biological pump’

Amoebozoa

Terrestrial and aquatic protists that use lobe-shaped PSEUDOPODIA for movement and feeding

Amoebozoa: Gymnamoebas

1. Free-living protists

2. Aquatic and soil environments

3. Move by cytoplasmic streaming which is called amoeboid movement

4. Example: Amoeba

Amoebozoa: Entamoebas

1. PARASITES

2. oral cavities or intestinal tract of animals

3. Entamoeba histolytica: can cause amebic dysentery

Amoebozoa: Slime molds

1. Previously thought to be fungi due to similar life cycle and fruiting bodies that produce SPORES

2. Groups: acelluar and cellular slime molds

Amoebozoa: Plasmodial (acellular slime mold)

1. Vegetative forms are masses of protoplasm of INDEFINITE SIZE AND SHAPE

2. degrade rotting organic matter and feed by endocytosis

3. Large mass with contain up to 10,00 nuclei

Amoebozoa: Cellular slime mold

1. STRICTLY AMOEBOID CELLS

2. Starved cells release compounds detected by other cells which form aggregate around signaling cell, forming multicellular PSEUDOPLASMODIUM

3. Endocytosis to feed on bacteria and yeast

4. Cells pile on top, bottom cell forms stalk

5. Tip cells produce spores that germinate

Archaeplastida (Algae)

1. Only groups that originated from primary endosymbiotic events

Archaeplastida: Green Algae

1. CHLOROPHYTES

2. mostly freshwater

3. Chl a and Chl b

4. Unicellular, filaments to colonial

Archaeplastida: Red Algae

1. RHODOPHYTES

2. Mostly marine

3. Chl a and phycoerythrin

4. Multicellular and lack flagella

5. Seaweed and source of agar

6. Coralline important in reefs

Fungi

1. Are CHEMOORGANOTROPHS

2. ABSORPTIVE HETEROTROPHS

3. Secrete enzymes to break down complex, molecules extracellularly

4. Ecological success due to:

5. Large variety of enzymes

6. HIGH SURFACE TO VOLUME RATIO

Fungi Structure

1. Cell walls made of CHITIN

2. Reproduce both sexually (SPORE production) and asexually (BUDDING, SPORE PRODUCTION, FRAGMENTATION)

3. Multi-cellular filaments (hyphae)

4. Single cells (Yeast)

5. Some species grow as either filaments or yeasts or both

Fungi Reproduction

Asexually (Budding, spore production, fragmentation)

Sexual productions process:

1. Ascospores (in a sac)

2. Basidiospore (end of a club shaped structure)

3. Zygospores

4. Zoospores (motile spores)

5. Sexual produces spores are resistant to drying, heating and freezing

6. Spores distributed by WATER

Classification of Fungi

1. Microsporidia

2. Chytridiomycota

3. Mucoromycota

4. Glomeromycota

5. Ascomycota

6. Basidiomycota

Fungi: Microsporidia

1. Lack mitochondria

2. Parasitic that only exist as spores outside the host

Fungi: Chytridiomycota

1. Usually microscopic

2. Can be single celled or consist of a small mycelium

3. Produce a zoospore with single, posterior flagellum

4. Aquatic and moist habitats

5. Whole organism is transformed into an reproductive structure

Fungi: Mucoromycota

1. FOOD SPOILAGE

2. Soil and decaying plant material

3. Coenocytic (multinucleated)

4. Zygospores (Sexual spored)

5. Example: Bread mold

Fungi: Glomeromycota

1. MYCORRHIZAL ASSOCIATIONS

2. Symbiotic relationships with plant roots

3. Endomycorrihizae

4. Coenocytic (multinucleated)

5. Zygospores (sexual spored)

Fungi: Ascomycota

1. Range from simple YEAST forms to filamentous cup fungi and morels

2. Filamentous forms with septate hyphae

3. asexual reproduction by conidiospores

4. aquatic and terrestrial environments

5. asexual and sexual reproduction

Fungi: Basidiomycota

1. Sexual reproduction forms BASIDIUM (structure where haploid basidiospores are produced)

2. Fruiting body = basidiocarp

Examples: