Ati Teas, ATI TEAS: everything!

What are the 7 parts of the respiratory system?

1. Nose

2. Pharynx

3. Larynx (voice box)

4. Trachea (windpipe)

5. Bronchi

6. Bronchioles

7. Alveoli

What are alveoli surrounded by to allow the exchange of O2 and CO2?

Capillaries

What is cilia?

Tiny hairs in the nose and trachea that wave particles up away and out

What is mucus?

Something that keeps the air warm and moist but also traps particles

How many alveoli does each lung have?

150 million

What does hemoglobin do?

Carries oxygen through the blood

What is pleura?

Sacs that surround the lungs

What is the diaphragm?

The muscle at the bottom of the thoracic cavity

What happens during inhalation?

Diaphragm moves down (contracts), rib cage rises, volume of chest cavity increases, air moves in to fill the space

What happens during exhalation?

Diaphragm moves up (relaxes), rib cage lowers, space becomes smaller, air is pushed out of lungs

What does the medulla oblongata do?

Controls breathing

What is chronic bronchitis?

Bronchi swell and become clogged with mucus

What is emphysema?

Tissues in lungs lose elasticity; tissues can't enough O2 or get rid of enough CO2

What is lung cancer?

Cells that do not stop reproducing; can spread to other locations because lungs are so central and connected to so much; survival is generally less then 5 years from diagnosis

What is heart disease?

Blood vessels are constricted, blood pressure rises, heart has to work harder, heart wears out more quickly

What is cystic fibrosis?

Genetic (recessive); lungs can get clogged with mucous

What is mesothelioma?

Lungs become exposed to asbestos and lose elasticity

What is elastic recoil?

The ability for the alveoli to get filled with air then return to their normal shape once the air is released

What is a spirometer?

an instrument for measuring the air capacity of the lungs

What is tidal volume?

The amount of air taken in and breathed out in a typical breath

What is supplemental volume?

The xtra air that can be inhaled or exhaled with a deep breath

What is reserve amount?

The amount of extra air you can breathe out when you force air out of your lungs

What is residual amount?

The amount of air in your lungs that you cannot get rid of (even during forced exhaling)

What is vital capacity?

All the air you can control going in or out of your lungs (supplemental + reserve = vital)

What is total capacity?

From the top of your supplemental amount to the bottom of your residual volume

Main idea

the most important or central thought of a paragraph or larger section of text, which tells the reader what the text is about

Topic

a particular issue or idea that serves as the subject of a paragraph, essay, report, or speech

-topic is the general subject of a paragraph

-Topics are simple and are described with just a word or a phrase.

-main idea is a complete sentence; it includes the topic

What's the difference between a topic and main idea?

Key ideas

Ideas that support controlling idea

Controlling idea

-your opinion about the topic.

- It helps the reader understand your purpose for writing the paragraph or essay

Conclusion

A deduction made by the reader about an unstated outcome from reading passage

Inference

A conclusion one can draw from the presented details.

anatomical position

a standard position in which the body is facing forward, the feet are parallel to each other, and the arms are at the sides with the palms facing forward

Cells

The basic unit of structure and function in all living things

Cellular functions

Processes that include growth, metabolism, replication, protein synthesis, and movement

Directional terminology

Words used to explain relationships of locations of anatomical elements (distal, posterior, medial, etc.)

organ system

A group of organs that work together in performing vital body functions.

Organelle

specialized structure that performs important cellular functions within a eukaryotic cell

Organ

A collection of tissues that carry out a specialized function of the body

Reference Planes

Planes dividing the body to describe locations

(ex: sagittal, coronal, and transverse)

Tissue

A group of similar cells that perform a specific function.

Eukaryotic cells

Contain a nucleus and other organelles that are bound by membranes.

prokaryotic cell

cell that does not have a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles. (Bacteria)

Ribosome

site of protein synthesis

Nucleus

A part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction

Nucleolus

Found inside the nucleus and produces ribosomes

Cytoplasm

A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended

Gogli Apparatus

organelle in cells that modifies, sorts, and packages prooteins and other materials from the endoplasmic reticulum for storage in the cell or release outside the cell

Vacuole

A sac inside a cell that acts as a storage area

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

creates lipids or fat

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

An endomembrane system covered with ribosomes where many proteins for transport are assembled.

Mitochondria

Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy) production

DNA

A complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes.

RNA

A single-stranded nucleic acid that passes along genetic messages

Mitosis

part of eukaryotic cell division during which the cell nucleus divides

-four-stage process that creates two identical cells from one original cell.

ATP

(adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that cells use for most of their work

Lysosomes

cell organelle filled with enzymes needed to break down certain materials in the cell

cell membrane

thin, flexible barrier around a cell; regulates what enters and leaves the cell

Cell wall

found only in plant and bacteria this structure is found outside the cell membrane and serves as a more rigid protective barrier

mRNA

messenger RNA; type of RNA that carries instructions from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome

4 haploid gametes

-Haploid describes a cell that contains a single set of chromosomes. can also refer to the number of chromosomes in egg or sperm cells, which are also called gametes

-In humans, gametes are haploid cells that contain 23 chromosomes, each of which a one of a chromosome pair that exists in diplod cells.

Trachea

The windpipe, which connects the larynx to the lungs

Meiosis

Cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms

Prophase (mitosis)

The first and longest stage of mitosis. In this stage the chromosomes become visible and the centrioles separate and move to opposite poles of the cell.

Metaphase (mitosis)

The second stage of mitosis. In this stage the chromosomes line up across the center of the cell and become connected to the spindle fiber at their centromere.

Anaphase (Mitosis)

The third stage of mitosis. In this stage the sister chromatids separate into individual chromosomes and are pulled apart.

Telophase (mitosis)

The fourth and last stage of mitosis. During this stage the chromosomes gather at opposite ends of the cell and lose their distinct rod-like shapes. Two new nuclear membranes then form around each of the two regions of DNA and the spindle fibers disappear.

Cytokinesis

The process that follows the last stage of mitosis. With two complete copies of the DNA now in two different regions of one cell, the cell membrane will pinch and divide the cytoplasm in half. The result is two individual cells that are identical to the original cell. Each of the two new cells have a complete copy of the DNA and contain all of the organelles that the original cell had.

Interphase

A period of cell growth and normal activity. This period comes between mitosis in the cell cycle. Cells that do not need to replicate will spend their time in this stage. If a cell does need to divide, it will copy all of it's DNA while period. This way, the cell has two complete copies of its DNA before it begins the process of mitosis.

How does the summary sentence support the topic sentence?

Edit

to make changes by adding, deleting, or modifying text, graphics, or other items in a document

procedure

Process of writing, editing, and revision

Revision

the act of rewriting something

Sequence

the order in which things happen or should happen

Blog

A website that is usually informal and independently run

Classified

A print advertisement selling or soliciting something

Exclamatory

expresses strong emotion

Forum

an online message board

Rhetorical

used for effect only, not meaning

memorandum

a written informal note usually used for business purposes

Graphic

a diagram, graph, illustration, or other piece of artwork

Legend

Map feature that explains symbols and other elements

Representation

how something is expressed

Scale

the ratio between the size of something and a representation of it

Assumption

a supposition; a statement accepted as true without proof

Stereotype

a generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people

Bias

A particular preference or point of view that is personal, rather than scientific.

anecdote

a short and amusing or interesting story about a real incident or person

argumentative

given to expressing divergent or opposite views.

persuasive writing

A kind of speaking or writing that is intended to influence people's actions and/or thoughts. (Problem/solution)

Rhetoric

the art of using language effectively and persuasively

Expositiry writing

Gives information not previously known about a topic or is used to explain or define one. Facts, examples, statistics, cause and effect, direct tone, ojective rather than subjective delievery, and non-emotional information are presented in a formal manner.

narrative writing

Tells the story of real-life experiences (entertain, inform, and challenge)

cause and effect

The reason something happens and the result of it happening.

compare and contrast

Give an account of similarities and differences between two (or more) items or situations, referring to both (all) of them throughout.

Reasons answers "why" to claim. evidence uses facts

What is the difference between reason and evidence?

Connotation vs. Denotation

Connotation: an idea or feeling that a word invokes in addition to its literal or primary meaning

Denotation: the literal or primary meaning of a word, in contrast to the feelings or ideas that the word suggests

figurative language

Language that cannot be taken literally since it was written to create a special effect or feeling. Usually a metaphor

Metaphor

A comparison without using like or as

Simile

A comparison using "like" or "as"