Bio Unit 3 Macromolecules

hydrophobic

do not mix well with water

Glycerol

alcohol

fatty acids

hydrocarbon chain

triacylglyceride

one glycerol bound to three fatty acids

Saturated fatty acid

No double bonds between carbon atoms

unsaturated fatty acids

One or more double bonds between carbon atoms

hydrogenated oils

Unsaturated fats that have been converted into saturated fats

Atherosclerosis

Plaques develop within blood vessels

what is the function of fats

to store energy

phospholipids

Glycerol bound to two fatty acids and one phosphate group

steroids

carbon skeleton consisting of 4 fused rings

Monosaccharides

Simple sugars

isomers

has the same chemical formula but different arrangements

disaccharides

2 monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage using a dehydration reaction

polysaccharides

hundreds or thousands of monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkages. stores starch and glycogen, builds cellulose and chitin

starch

storage molecules of plants

glycogen

vertebrate molecule in liver and muscle cells. extensively branched polymer of glucose

cellulose

component of plant cell walls

chitin

exoskeleton of arthropods, cell wall of fungi

polypeptide

polymer of amino acids

protein

molecule made up of one or more polypeptides, folded into a 3d structure

peptide bond

the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another joined by a dehydration reaction

polypeptide backbone

repeating sequence of atoms

globular proteins

roughly spherical in shape

fibrous proteins

shaped like long fibers

denaturation

the protein unravel and loses its shape

gene

unit of inheritance

nucleic acid

polymer made of monomers called nucleotides

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

genetic material organisms inherit from their parents

RNA

controls protein synthesis by interacting with ribosomes

polynucleotides

polymers that make nucleic acids

nucleotide

monomers of polynucleotides

nucleoside

portion of nucleotide that doesn't have a phosphate group

pyrimidine

one 6 membered ring (Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil)

Purine

two rings, one 5 membered and one 6 membered (Guanine, Adenine)

who discovered the structure of DNA?

James Watson and Francis Crick

describe the structure of a fat

a central glycerol molecule attached to three fatty acids

what is a dehydration reaction?

chemical process where H2O molecule is lost or removed from the reacting molecules (makes an ester linkage)

what’s the differences between unsaturated and saturated fatty acids?

unsaturated has one or more double bonds between carbon atoms, liquid at room temp and has cis double bonds, while saturated has no double bonds, saturated with H atoms solid at room temp

what effect do various fats have on out bodies when they are part of our diet?

saturated fats may lead to cardiovascular disease, hydrogenation can lead to coronary heart disease, essential fatty acids cannot be made by us so we need them in our diet

why do plants store energy in the form of starch and animals store energy in the form of fats?

starch is insoluble in water, allowing plants to store energy without disrupting the water balance. Fats cushion vital organs and acts as insulation

describe the structure of a phospholipid

glycerol bound to two fatty acids and one phosphate group

describe how phospholipids assemble into membranes

they assemble into double-layered structures called bilayers

describe the structure of a steroid

carbon skeleton consisting of 4 fused rings (with an attachment)

what is the structure a monosaccharide?

multiples of CH2O. ranges from 3-7 carbons long

what is the structure of a disaccharide?

2 monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage using a dehydration reaction

what is the structure of a polysaccharide and what are they used for in cells?

a lot of monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkages. used for storing starch, glycogen and building cellulose and chitin

describe the structure and function of starch

storage molecule of plants. joined by 1-4 linkages and 1-6 linkages at branching points

describe the structure and function of cellulose

component of plant cells. 1-4 linkages, unbranched

describe the structure and function of glycogen

vertebrate storage molecule in liver and muscle cells. extensively branched

describe the structure and function of chitin

exoskeleton of fungi, cell wall of fungi. beta linkage between glucose monomers with nitrogen attachment

how do glycosidic linkages differ between starch and cellulose?

in starch the OH is attached on the bottom, while in cellulose, the OH molecule alternates from top and bottom

what are different functions proteins can carry out?

selective acceleration of chemical rxns, storage of amino acids, coordination of an organisms activities, response of a cell to chemical stimuli, protect against disease, transport substances, and provide support.

how do we know if a polypeptide is polar or non-polar? hydrophilic or phobic?

by looking at the side chains of the individual amino acids. if its polar it’ll be hydrophilic, if its non-polar it’ll be hydrophobic

how does the polarity of an amino acid affect the folding of a protein?

it determines how a polypeptide chain arranges itself in a watery cellular environment

What is the N-terminus of a polypeptide?

the end of a polypeptide that has a free amino group

What is the C-terminus of a polypeptide group?

the end of a polypeptide chain that has a free carboxyl group

what shapes can a protein take?

rough spheres, and long fibres

what can cause a protein to denature?

incorrect pH, salinity and temperature

what diseases are associated with misfolded proteins?

cystic fibrosis, Alzheimer's, Parkinson’s and mad cow disease

why is it hard to determine the structure of some proteins?

some dont have a distinct 3D structure until they interact with a target protein or other molecule

what is the purpose of DNA?

provides directions for its own replication

what is the purpose of RNA?

controls protein synthesis by interacting with ribosomes

describe the structure of deoxyribose and ribose sugars. How do these sugars differentiate from one another?

Deoxyribose and ribose have a phosphate group attached to the 5’ carbon and a nitrogenous base attached to the 1’ carbon. Deoxyribose has one less oxygen atom than ribose.

describe the structure of a nucleotide

nitrogenous base, fiver-carbon sugar, and phosphate group.

describe the structure of a nucleoside

nitrogenous base and five-carbon sugar, with no phosphate group

what’s the difference between pyrimidines and purines?

pyrimidine is a one 6-membered ring (C,T,U), while Purine is two rings, one 5-membered, and one 6-membered (G,A)

how are nucleotides bound together?

dehydration reactions which forms. a phosphodiester linkage

what is the difference between the 3’ and 5’ ends of a nucleic acid strand?

the 3’ end has a hydroxyl group, while the 5’ end has a phosphate group

describe the structure of a DNA double helix

two polynucleotide strands wound into a double helix. the strands are held together by hydrogen bonds between nitrogenous bases

how many hydrogen bond are between bases in a DNA double helix?

3 hydrogen bonds between guanine and cytosine, 2 between adenine and thymine

how many bases per turn and how large is the turn of the DNA double helix?

there’s 10 base pairs per full turn of helix, and one turn of the helix every 3.4nm

what are the rules of standard complementary base pairing?

A pairs with T, G pairs with C to make hydrogen bonds

describe the structure of the RNA strand and how it folds into complex shapes

single strand of nucleic acid that folds in one itself, A pairs with U, G pairs with C