babylonian-assyrian

summerians

developed a system of cuneiform writing by about 3000 B.C.

exorcism, divination, medical treatment

three aspects of Babylonian-Assyrian medicine

Catharsis

immemorial purification from sin through penance

pharmakon

sense of a means of purification through purging

R. Campbell Thompson

examined many hundreds of clay tablets excavated from the library of the King Assurbanipal of Assyria

Laurus nobilis

leaves and fruits of bay tree

cupresses sp.

bark extract of cypress tree

calendula officinalis

leaves of marigold

crocus sativus

saffron

feruna foetida

root of asefitida

Ricinus communis

castor oil

Foeniculum vulgare

Fennel

anthemis nobilis

Chamomile

astrology

played a great part in healing role in Babylon

pasisu

class of preparer of medicines, cosmetics, and performs incantation

God EA and GULA

potentiates the drug formula

rosetta stones

bore a trilingual inscription of heiroglyphics

greek, latin, egyptian

trilingual inscription of heiroglyphics

ebers papyrus

contains greatest numbers of drug formulas; mentioned 700 drugs from plants, animals, minerals

honey and waxes

binding agents in the formula

edwin smith papyrus

treaty that revealed the surgical side of the egypt medicine

imhotep

divine representative of medicine in egypt; earliest known physician

asklepios

greatest healing god

anepu

pharmacists of the Gods

Cos and Cnidos

oldest and best known medical schools; facilitated a fruitful connection between egyptian and greek medicine

prometheus

preparer of remedies

greece

originated the systematized reasoning about a phenomena of the universe and the place of human being

philosophy

systematized reasoning about a phenomena of the universe and the place of human being

gods of four elements

Thales, Heraclitus, Anaximanes, Empedocles

thales

god for water

heraclitus

god for fire

anaximanes

god for air

empedocles

god for earth

empedocles

believed that four states of matter were the root of all things

aristotle

overshadowed all other greek philosophers; master of those who know

hippocrates

father of medicine

hippocratic corpus

a compiled book containing 295-400 drugs

purifying remedy

hippocrates defined “pharmakon” as

rhizotomoi

they were PHARMACOBOTANISTS, who were experts in medicinal plants and act as medicine men; root collectors

dioscorides

first pharmacobotanist; He dealt with botany as an official science and became the first teacher of Materia Medica

DE MATERIA MEDICA LIBRI QUINQUE

book that dioscorides authored

galen

Practice and taught in Rome as a great physician and natural scientist who expanded the idea of Four Elements to the Four Humour Theory

Black bile

(spleen and stomach) means cold and dry

Blood

(brain)means moist and warm

Yellow bile

( liver) means warm and dry

Phlegm

(brain) means moist and cold

iatreon

room for preperation of remedies

apotheca

storeroom

The Arabs

group of Semitic tribes are the heir and administrator of the surviving remnants of the Greco-Roman culture.

Nestorius

a patriarch of Constantinople (lstanbul) had been condemned for heresy by the Council of Ephesus in 431.

Nestorians

were his followers ranging from scientists who established themselves in Persia, Syria, India and other oriental countries.

Literature

Translations of the most respected writings on medicine and pharmacy from earlier civilizations stimulated writers in Arabic to contribute new material of their own.

Theodoq

son of a pharmacist, wrote treatise on aromatic medicinal plants

musk, ambegris, aloe, camphor, saffron

5 principal plants

clove, sandal, nutmeg, rose, cinnamon, storax

secondary plants

caliph Al-Mansur

under him, Baghdad became a center of learning and administration. Drug shops or pharmacies had appeared in the early 9th century, specializing in medicines and spices.