ch 14

what are the three stages of getting energy by oxidation

1 large broken down 2 degraded into key, acetyl CoA 3 CoA oxidized to get ATP

where does digestion begin and how

mouth, homogenization with saliva

what happens in the stomach

proteins digested by proteolytic enzymes/pepsin which hydrolyze peptide bonds

where is digestion completed

intestine where it absorbs, low pH food causes secretin to be released and same with NaHCO3

what promotes release of CCK and what does it do

peptides, pancreatic digestive enzymes and bile salts

what are zymogens

inactive proteases that are activated by digestion

what zymogen is from the stomach and how is it activated

pepsinogen, at low pH

what cleaves trypsinogen

enteropeptidase to form trypsin which activates other zymogens

where is peptidase found and what does it do

membrane bound, cleave peptide into amino acid-into blood and small peptides-into intestine

what amino acids are highly store in gluten

pro, gln

what happens to someone with celiac disease

protein completely digested, inflammation due to gluten not be fully digested

where do carbs start to be digested

mouth, amylase cleaves into small and a limit dextrin only cleaves 1-4 bonds

what do a-glucosidase and a-dextrinase cleave

g-maltotriose, maltose, other oligo d-a limit dextrin

how are glucose, galactose, and fructose transported

g-SGLT f-GLUT5

what does GLUT2 do

release monosaccharides into bloodstream

what is different between carb, amino acid, and lipid transportation

c and a need to be transported, l cycle of broken down and rebuild

what are lipids ingested as and what must they be converted to for absorption

triacylglycerols, fatty acids

what happens to lipids in the stomach and intestine

emulsification-mix lipid droplets in aqueous, bile salts-from cholesterol in liver released by gall bladder insert into droplet

what do lipases do

attach to lipid droplets and digest TAG into fatty acids and mono carried to plasmamembrane by micelles

how are fatty acids and MAG imported and moved to SER to do what

FATP, FABP TAG resynthesized and packed into chylomicrons

what do chylomicrons do

bind to membrane bound LPL which degrade TAG into fatty acid and mono for intracell uptake then TAG reformed for storage or oxidation

how does snake venom attack

digestion proteins to connective tissue or get into blood

what are short term things of signaling, metabolism and digestion

CCK and GLP 1 signal fullness by GPCR

what are short term things of signaling, metabolism and digestion

insulin regulate blood glucose and leptin report TAG level