Year 13 Biology Comprehensive Review Flashcards

Flashcards covering key concepts from Year 13 Biology including Genetics, Protein Synthesis, Evolution, Biological Timing, and Biodiversity.

According to Chargaff's rules, what is the ratio of purines to pyrimidines in double-stranded DNA?

A $1:1$ ratio, where the total number of purines ($\text{A} + \text{G}$) equals the total number of pyrimidines ($\text{T} + \text{C}$).

If a double-stranded DNA sample contains $14\%$ guanine, what are the percentages of adenine, thymine, and cytosine?

Guanine = $14\%$, Cytosine = $14\%$, Adenine = $36\%$, and Thymine = $36\%$.

What four types of chromosome mutations are depicted in this diagram starting from the original sequence A B C D E F?

1. Inversion (A B E D C F)
2. Duplication (A B C D D E F)
3. Deletion (A B D E F)
4. Insertion or Addition (A B C D L E F)

Based on the provided chromosome map, what are the map unit distances between genes B, A, D, and C?

The distance between B and A is $15\,\text{MU}$, between A and D is $25\,\text{MU}$, and between D and C is $5\,\text{MU}$, giving a total distance between B and C of $45\,\text{MU}$.

What chromosomal abnormality is shown at pair 23 in this karyotype of an individual with Klinefelter syndrome?

An extra X chromosome in the sex chromosome pair, resulting in an XXY karyotype ($47, \text{XXY}$).

How does the presence of lactose affect the function of the lac operon in Escherichia coli?

Lactose binds to the repressor protein, changing its shape so it cannot bind to the operator; this allows RNA polymerase to bind to the promoter and transcribe the genes for lactase.

What are the five steps involved in recombinant DNA technology as illustrated in this process diagram?

1. Construction of a rDNA molecule
2. Transport into the host cell
3. Multiplication of the rDNA molecule
4. Division of host cell
5. Numerous cell divisions resulting in a clone

What is the Hardy-Weinberg equation for genotype frequencies in a population with two alleles?

$p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1$, where $p^2$ represents the homozygous dominant genotype, $2pq$ represents the heterozygous genotype, and $q^2$ represents the homozygous recessive genotype.

What type of natural selection is shown in this graph, where selection acts against the mean phenotype?

Disruptive selection (or selection against the mean).

Which hominin species is first associated with the Oldowan tool culture shown in these stone tool drawings?

Homo habilis.

How do night-migrating animals locate the South Celestial Pole using celestial landmarks as depicted in this diagram?

By extending an imaginary line through the long axis of the Southern Cross and intersecting it with the perpendicular bisector of the Pointers.

What dance is performed by a forager honeybee when the food source is less than $100\,\text{m}$ away from the hive?

The round dance.

What are the concentric layers of an acoelomate body plan from outermost to innermost as shown in the diagram?

Ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm, and the central digestive cavity.

What key cellular components make up the choanocyte (collar cell) of a sponge as shown in the diagram?

A flagellum, a collar containing food particles in mucus, and the cell body performing phagocytosis of food particles.

What are the sequential chemical treatment steps in the Gram staining procedure shown in the chart?

1. Fixation
2. Crystal Violet
3. Iodine Treatment
4. Decolorisation
5. Counter stain with Safranin

What mechanism of genetic transfer in bacteria is depicted, where a bacteriophage transfers DNA from a donor cell to a recipient cell?

Transduction.

What is the primary structural difference between septate hyphae and coenocytic hyphae shown in the diagram?

Septate hyphae have cross-walls (septa) with pores dividing the cells, whereas coenocytic hyphae lack septa and form one continuous tube containing many nuclei.

What three labeled anatomical structures are visible on the underside of the heart-shaped fern prothallus in this diagram?

Archegonia, antheridia, and rhizoids.

What are the four cell or nuclei types that make up the mature 8-nucleate angiosperm embryo sac shown in the diagram?

Three antipodal cells, two polar nuclei, one egg cell, and two synergids.

What four fundamental chordate features are present in the adult lancelet as shown in this anatomical diagram?

Notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, and post-anal tail.

According to the comparison diagram, how does the human enhanced greenhouse effect differ from the natural greenhouse effect in terms of heat escaping into space?

In the human enhanced greenhouse effect, more greenhouse gases ($\text{CO}_2$, $\text{CH}_4$, $\text{N}_2\text{O}$) trap more re-radiated heat, causing less heat to escape into space and more heat to be re-emitted to Earth.

According to the infographic, what happens when free hydrogen ions bond with available carbonate ions in seawater?

They form bicarbonate, reducing the concentration of carbonate ions needed by marine life to build calcium-based structures like shells and coral.