Medical Humanities Exam One
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What did Hippocrates and his followers believe medical knowledge should be grounded in?
Observation, experience, and reason rather than supernatural explanations
True or False: There is no reference to any gods or goddesses in the Hippocratic Oath.
False
When did Hippocrates live?
c. 460–375 BCE
Who is associated with the Hippocratic School of medicine?
Hippocrates
What was the Hippocratic School of medicine based on?
Nature, observation, and natural explanations of illness
What was the Cult of Asclepius associated with?
Ancient Greek spiritual/religious approaches to healing
What is the major difference between the Cult of Asclepius and the Hippocratic School?
Asclepius emphasized spiritual healing; Hippocratic medicine emphasized nature and observation
Who first successfully and famously used ether to induce general anesthesia?
William Morton
What was William Morton's profession?
Dentist
When was ether famously used to induce general anesthesia?
1846
Where did the famous ether demonstration occur?
Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston
What major contribution of the United States to the history of medicine is emphasized in the guide?
General anesthesia
True or False: The AMA adopted its Code of Ethics the same year the association was founded.
True
When was the American Medical Association founded?
1847
When did the AMA adopt its Code of Ethics?
1847
What ethical principles are written with the AMA question in the notes?
Beneficence, justice, and autonomy
When and where was the first department of medical humanities in an American medical school established?
Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine in Hershey, Pennsylvania, in 1969
Who was the English surgeon credited with developing antisepsis after successfully treating a patient with carbolic acid?
Joseph Lister
What is Joseph Lister associated with?
Antisepsis and carbolic acid
Who was the Canadian physician closely associated with founding Johns Hopkins Medical School?
William Osler
Who said, "The good physician treats the disease but the great physician treats the patient"?
William Osler
What idea does Osler's quote emphasize?
Treating the patient rather than only the disease
What date is written in the notes with Johns Hopkins and William Osler?
1893
Who taught anatomy in Padua and was famous for "seeing for one's self"?
Andreas Vesalius
Whose errors did Vesalius find?
Galen's
When did Andreas Vesalius live?
1514–1564
What should you associate with Vesalius?
Human anatomy, "seeing for one's self," and correcting Galen
Who was the German pathologist famous for "Omnis Cellula a Cellula"?
Rudolf Virchow
What is Rudolf Virchow associated with in the guide?
"Omnis Cellula a Cellula" and microscopic learning
Who was Eric Cassell?
A physician associated with treating the whole person, suffering, and The Nature of Suffering
What major idea is associated with Eric Cassell?
Treat the whole person rather than just the disease
What work is associated with Eric Cassell?
The Nature of Suffering
Who was Paracelsus?
A German physician/alchemist associated with chemistry in medicine
What phrase is associated with Paracelsus in the notes?
"All things are poison"
What medical idea is associated with Paracelsus?
Chemistry in medicine
Who was Edmund Pellegrino?
A major figure associated with medical ethics and medical humanities
What religious tradition is written with Edmund Pellegrino in the notes?
Catholic bioethics
Who was Petrarch?
The Father of Humanism
What period is Petrarch associated with?
The Renaissance
What is Petrarch associated with in the notes?
Humanism, the Renaissance, and textbook/classical learning
What is the main idea associated with The Care of the Patient?
Treat the whole patient rather than only the disease
True or False: The greatest contribution of the United States to the history of medicine was the stethoscope.
False
What contribution should replace "stethoscope" in that question?
General anesthesia
What was The Sacred Disease?
Epilepsy
What type of explanation did Hippocratic medicine give for disease?
Natural rather than supernatural explanations
How long did Galen's ideas influence medicine?
About 1,500 years
When did Galen live?
c. 129–216 CE
Who was the most famous and influential physician of the Roman era?
Galen
Whose medical education and practice influenced medicine for almost 1,500 years?
Galen
What are the three major types of plague?
Bubonic, septicemic, and pneumonic
What is the main feature of bubonic plague?
Swollen lymph nodes or buboes
What does septicemic plague primarily affect?
The bloodstream
What does pneumonic plague primarily affect?
The lungs
What year is written in the notes for the bubonic plague/Black Death?
1347
Who coined the term "eugenics"?
Francis Galton
What is the Antonine Plague also known as?
The Plague of Galen
When did the Antonine Plague occur?
165–180 CE
What is trepanation?
Making a hole in the skull
What is trepanation described as in the notes?
One of the oldest known forms of surgery
What is the epidemiologic transition?
A shift from infectious diseases to chronic illnesses
What is the easiest way to remember the epidemiologic transition?
Infectious → chronic
What were Islamic hospitals called?
Bimaristans
How are Islamic hospitals described compared with Christian hospitals?
More elaborate and well designed
When was the Plague of Athens?
Around 430 BCE
How did the Plague of Athens enter Athens according to the notes?
Through the ports
What does the review guide say you do NOT need to know about the Plague of Athens?
Which particular populations were most affected
What were valetudinaria?
Roman-era hospitals associated with soldiers and slaves
What two groups are written with valetudinaria in the notes?
Soldiers and slaves
Who said, "Medicine is closer to love than it is to science"?
Rachel Naomi Remen
What is contagionism?
Disease spreading person to person
What is miasmatism?
Disease caused by bad air
What is the simple distinction between contagionism and miasmatism?
Person-to-person vs. bad air
True or False: Ofri wrote articles for The New York Times including "The Doctor-Patient Relationship is Alive and Well" and "What Doctors Feel."
True
What emotion was greatest for Ofri during her first night on call by herself?
Fear