IPE 213 (SDOH) Final Exam Review - Samis Smith

Health education

Teaching students skills and behaviors to promote lifelong health.

Decision making

The process of making choices by identifying a decision, gathering information, and assessing alternative resolutions.

Critical thinking

The objective analysis and evaluation of an issue in order to form a judgment.

Health Belief Model

A model that suggests people act based on perceived risks, severity, benefits, and barriers.

Social Cognitive Theory

A theory that states behavior is influenced by observation, environment, and self-efficacy.

Transtheoretical Model

A model that describes how people move through stages from precontemplation to maintenance.

Ecological Model

A model that explains how health is influenced by multiple levels, including individual, interpersonal, community, and policy.

Health promoting schools framework

A framework developed by the World Health Organization to promote a whole school approach integrating every part of the school environment.

Healthy school policies

Policies that promote health and well-being within the school environment.

Workplace health model

A model developed by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention to promote health in workplace settings.

Primary Audience

The main group whose behaviors you want to change.

Secondary Audience

People who influence the primary audience.

Tertiary Audience

Decision makers or policymakers.

Priority Audience

A specific high-risk subgroup within the population.

Hornik's theoretical models

Models that include individual models, social diffusion models, and institutional diffusion models aimed at changing awareness, public norms, and institutional behavior.

Application of theory

Using health behavior theories to design messages that effectively influence the attitudes and behaviors of a target audience.

Diffusion of Innovations

The process of spreading new behaviors through groups.

Social Network Theory

A theory that examines the influence of relationships on behavior.

Community interventions

Programs that result in smaller changes but affect a larger number of people.

CDC's REACH Model

Strategies aimed at eliminating health disparities through capacity building, targeted actions, and community changes.

Workplace health programming

Programs designed to improve health in the workplace, focusing on both individual behaviors and work environment.

Assessment in workplace health

The process of understanding what health issues need to be addressed in the workplace.

Implementation in workplace health

The action of creating changes in behaviors and conditions in the workplace.

Evaluation in workplace health

The process of determining what worked in a health program and improving future efforts.

Healthy People (HP)

A series of national health initiatives in the US lead by the US Department of Health and Human Services that set a 10 year health goals and objectives to improve health population.

Main goals of Healthy People

Increase quality and years of healthy life, eliminate health disparities.

Goals of HP 2010 and beyond

1. Attain high quality, longer lives free of preventable disease. 2. Achieve health equity, eliminate disparities, and improve health for all groups. 3. Create social and physical environments that promote good health. 4. Promote quality of life, healthy development, and healthy behaviors across all life stages.

Alcohol dependence in populations

Alcohol dependence is significantly higher among American Indian/Alaska Native populations.

Obesity prevalence in Hispanic children

Hispanic children/adolescents had higher prevalence of obesity (2-19 yrs old).

Hypertension prevalence in Non-Hispanic black men

Non-Hispanic black men had the highest prevalence of HTN (over 20).

Dental care nonreceipt in Hispanic adults

Hispanic adults had the highest percentage of nonreceipt of dental care in the last 12 months due to cost (18-64 years).

HIV infection rate among black Americans

HIV infection rate among black Americans is 8x more than white Americans.

Tuskegee syphilis study impact

Caused mistrust of healthcare system among African Americans, now considered a major barrier in health care settings.

Individual Level Approaches

Address individual knowledge and awareness.

Health Belief Model (HBM)

Perceived barriers include mistrust, language, physical difficulties, the idea that providers won't understand.

Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB)

Individual must intend to change a behavior and believe that there is a positive or valued outcome by changing their behavior.

Community mobilization or advocacy

May be used in order to improve access to healthcare or remove an environmental risk affecting a minority community.

REACH

Change community environment and support health promotion and clinical preventive services in the community.

THRIVE

Focuses on sociocultural environment, physical/built environment, and economics/educational environment.

Complex social ecological model

No one single factor influences someone's behavior.

Health inequities

Arise from the societal conditions that people are born, live, grow, work, and age in.

Piaget's contribution

Focus on the life cycle development of the thinking process, including assimilation vs accommodation.

Western Tradition of Theory

Order and regularity, predictability in nature allows for prediction of outcomes.

Psychodynamic theories

Focus on the unconscious mind, including id, ego, superego and psychosexual stages of development.

Interpersonal theory (Harry Stack Sullivan)

Behavior is purposeful to gain gratification and security, aiming to reduce anxiety from social insecurity.

Psychosocial Development (Erik Erikson)

Eight stages of development during lifespan.

Behavioral theory

Behavior is learned through conditioning (classical and operant) and reinforcement.

Cognitive theory

Disordered thinking (cognitive distortion) leads to maladaptive behavior and emotions.

Humanistic theories

Focus on human potential, free will, and the drive toward self-actualization.

Hierarchy of needs (Maslow)

Basic needs (psychological and safety) must be met before higher level needs (self-esteem, and actualization) can be addressed.

Sociocultural theory (Lev Vygotsky)

Social interactions and culture shape cognitive development.

Transtheoretical Model (stages of change)

A person goes through change to change their behavior (precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, and maintenance).

Health Belief Model (HMB) origin

Developed in the 1950s by Hochbaum, Rosenstock, and Kegels to understand low turnout for TB screening.

Perceived susceptibility

The risk that a health problem will occur

Perceived severity

How severe the health problem would be

Perceived benefits

How positive an action would be

Perceived barriers

How negative the outcomes of the action would be

Cues to action

External events that motivate us to act

Self Efficacy

One's belief within themselves to act

Threat assessment

Calculator related to the disease of a health problem

Cost/Benefit Analysis

Calculation related to the prevention or treatment

Theory of Planned Behavior

Explores the relationships between people's attitudes and behaviors

Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA)

Focuses on rational, and cognitive decision making processes (similar to HBM)

Behavior intention

Intention is based on a person's attitude to a specific behavior and their subjective norms

Control beliefs

Factors that will make it easy or hard to do a behavior

Perceived power

To facilitate or inhibit the behavior

Transtheoretical Model (TTM)

Developed stages of changes by Prochaska and Diclemente

Stage 1: precontemplation

No intention of taking action

Stage 2: contemplation

Considering taking action within 6 months

Stage 3: preparation

Intend to take action

Stage 4: action

Person has acted

Stage 5: maintenance

Change has been made in the behavior, and the goal is to prevent relapse

Stage 6: termination

Complete transformation of behavior change

Precaution Adoption Process Model (PAPM)

Taking a precaution against something

Stage 1: unaware of the issue

Simple lack of knowledge

Stage 2: unengaged by the issue

Those who do not know about the risk vs those who do not care/are engaged

Stage 3: deciding about action

Deciding whether or not to do something

Stage 4: deciding not to act

Thinking about it but not acting

Stage 5: deciding to act

Taking action

Stage 6: action

Taking the first step

Stage 7: maintenance

Maintaining the action taken

Informational Motivational Behavioral Skills Model (IMB)

Prevention information is important but not enough

Self Esteem Enhancement Theory

Builds self-esteem to enhance resilience and to promote healthy behavior

Self Determination Theory

Humans are innately oriented to growth and health