Biology Milestone of Mastery - Unit 3

What is the Cell Theory?

1. Al organisms are made from cells

2. Cells are the basic building blocks for life

3. All cells come from pre-existing cells that have multiplied

What is a prokaryote?

No nucleus and DNA floats around in the cytoplasm

Example of prokaryote

Bacteria

What is a eukaryote?

Has a defined nucleus and DNA is packed away in the membrane

Example of eukaryote?

People, trees, animals

What is the cell membrane?

Outer wall of a cell

What does the cell membrane do?

allows materials in and out of the cell

What is the nucleus?

Stores DNA that is usually found in Chromatin

What cells are the nucleus found in?

Eukaryote

What are nuclear pores?

Allow things in/out of the nucleus

What is the nuclear envelope?

Protective barrier

What is the nucleolus?

produces ribosomes and rRNA produces instructions for DNA

Where is the nucleolus?

Nucleus

What cells is the nucleolus found in?

Eukaryote

What is the smooth ER?

Makes lipids

An example of lipid

Cholesterol, phospholipids, steroid hormones

Smooth ER can sometimes…

break down toxins and drugs and aid in muscle contraction

What is the Rough ER?

Makes proteins with ribosomes and has ribosomes attached

What is the Golgi Aparatus?

receives and modifies rough ER products

Where is the Golgi Aparatus?

Near the nucleus and the ER

What are Lysosomes?

Digest food and waste and destroy bacteria

Where are lysosomes?

freely within the cytoplasm

What cells have lysosomes?

Animal cells

What is a vacuole?

Storage vesicle

Example of vacuole?

water storage, pigment storage

What is a contractile vacuole

pumps out water in some small eukaryotes so they don’t swell and burst

What is a vacuole in plants?

Stores water, waste, digestive enzymes, and helps maintain pressure in the cell

Where is the vacuole in plants?

Large central vacuole

What is a vesicle?

Transport material throughout the cell

What can the vesicle do?

fuse with or pinch off other membrane-bound organelles

What is the structure of a vesicle?

Small spheres of membrane

What cells are vesicles found in?

Eukaryotes

What is the mitochondria?

Converts sugar energy in ATP

What cells have mitochondria?

Animal and plants

What is the structure of mitochondria?

Outer membrane, inner membrane, and mitochondrial matrix

What is the inner membrane of the mitochondria?

Folded to increase surface area so more ATP can be made

What is mitochondrial matrix?

Contains mitochondrial DNA and ribosomes

What is cellular respiration?

creates energy but breaking down sugar

What are Chloroplasts?

Converts light energy into glucose

What is the Chloroplasts structure?

DNA, ribosomes, double membrane

What are Thylakoids?

Stacks of granum in the chloroplasts

What are Stroma?

Liquid surrounding thylakoids

What cells have chloroplasts?

plant cells

What is photosynthesis?

Light + Water + Co2 = sugar + oxygen

What is the cell wall?

Provides protection for the cell from damage and support

Where is the cell wall found?

outside of cell membrane

What cells have cell walls?

Plant cells

What organelles do plants have?

Large central vacuole, cell wall, chloroplasts

What organelles do animals have?

lysosomes, small vacuoles

What organelles do animals and plants both have?

Nucleus, cell membrane, mitochondria, ribosomes

What is the endomembrane system?

manufactures and distributes cells and divides cells into compartments

What organelles are involved in the endomembrane system?

Nuclear envelope, ER, Golgi Apparatus, Lysosomes, Vacuoles, Plasma Membrane

Organelles in the endomembrane system are…

Some are connected, others are linked by transfer of vesicles

What is endosymbiosis?

Theory that describes the origen of the mitochondria and the chloroplasts

What did the theory state?

There was once a large eukaryote cells that had a symbiotic relationship with a smaller prokaryote (primitive eukaryote + aerobic prokaryote) and the eukaryote took in the prokaryote to make Mitochondria

How was the chloroplasts made?

Eukaryote absorbing cyanobacteria to make chloroplasts

What is a light microscope?

uses light to see an image

What is a light microscope often called?

a compound microscope because it has 2 lenses (objective lens and eyepiece/ocular lens)

What is the eyepiece?

Where you look in to see the specimen

How much does the eyepiece magnify by?

10x

What is the objective lens?

Has 3 lenses (scanning, low power, and high power)

How much does scanning lens magnify by?

4x

How much does low power lens magnify by?

10x

How much does high power lens magnify by?

40x

How can you get the total magnification?

By multiplying the eyepiece and objective lens

What is the frame?

The arm of the microscope

What is the stage?

where the specimen is placed

What are stage clips?

secure the slide to the stage

What is stage controls?

Moves the stage side to side

What is an Iris Diaphragm?

adjusts the level of light that projects onto a specimen

What is course focus?

Focuses on larger objects

What is fine focus?

focuses on smaller objects

What focus should you not use at 400x and why?

Course focus because it can break the lens

What is illumination?

Light that passes through the condenser lens so you can see the specimen

What is the field of view?

The circular field that you see through the eyepiece

What happens to the field of view as you increase magnification?

It gets smaller

How are the lengths of microscopic images expressed?

In millimeters or micrometers

What is a millimeter?

10^-3 of a meter

What is a micrometer?

10^-6 of a meter

How can you find micrometers from millimeters?

Millimeters x 10³ = micrometers

What is the depth of field?

How focused or unfocused your specimen is

What is compartmentalization in a cell?

The cell is divided up into groups composed of single or double membranes

What is the most important compartment in the cell?

Nucleus

What happen to the enzymes in compartmentalization?

Enzymes are less spread out making reactions for efficient

What happens to the damaged areas in compartmentalization?

Damaged areas can be kept together so it doesn’t damage the overall cell