CHAPTER 3 ANAPHY LAB

CYTOPLASM

the living material surrounding the nucleus is called

cells

“the smallest unit of life”

cell membrane or plasma membrane

cytoplasm is enclosed by the ______ ______ or _____ _______.

cell metabolism and energy use

synthesis of molecules

communication

reproduction and inheritance

what are the four important function formed by our bodycell

cell membrane or plasma membrane

is the outermost component of cell

extracellular substance

the substance outside the cell wall.

cytoplasmic or cellular substance

substance inside the cell

phospholipids

protein

major type of molecules of plasma membrane:

cholesterol

carbohydrates

addition to the membranes contains other molecules such as

fluid-mosaic model

arrangement of molecules in the cell membrane have given rise to a model of its structureis called _______.

polar

phosphate-containing the ends of the phospholipids are hydrophilic (water-loving) and therefore face the extracellular fluid and cytoplasm of the cell

nonpolor

fatty acid end of phospholipids are hydrophobic (water-fearing) and therefore face away from the fluid of either side of the membrane

nucleus

location : variable location within cell wall

ribosomes

(rough er)

(smooth er)

golgi apparatus

secretory vesicle

lysosome

peroxisome mitochondrion

microtubule

centrioles

location : in cytoplasm

cilia

location : on cell surface with many on each cell

microvilli

location : extensions of cell surface with many on each cell

flagella

location : on sperm cell surface with one per cell

nucleus

function : contains genetic material of cell (DNA) and nucleoli; site of RNA synthesis and ribosomal subunit assembly

ribosomes

function : site of protein synthesis

rough endoplasmic reticulum

function : has many ribosomes attached; site of protein synthesis

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

function : site of lipids synthesis ; participates in detoxification

golgi apparatus

function : modifies protein structure and packages proteins in secretory vesicles

secretory vesicle

functions: contains materials produced in the cell; formed by the golgi apparatus ; secreted by exocytosis

lysosome

function: contains enzymes that digest materials taken into the cell; formed by golgi apparatus

peroxisome

functions: breaks down fatty acids, amino acids, and hydrogen peroxide

mitochondria

function : site of the aerobic respiration and major site of ATP synthesis

adenosine triphosphate

ATP (whole)

microtubule

function : supports cytoplasm; assist in cell division and forms components of cilia and flagella

centrioles

functions : facilitate the movement of chromosomes during cell division

cilia

function : move substance over surfaces of certain cells

flagella

functions : propel sperm cells

microvilli

function: increase surface area of certain cells

selectively permeable

cell membranes are ____ _____, meaning that they allow some substances, but not others. to pass into or out of the cells

passive membrane

no energy/ atp required

high to low concentration

passive transport from ?

passive transport

moves down/with the concentration gradient

osmosis

diffusion

filtration

example of passive transport

active transport

requires the use of energy/ ATP

low to high concentration

active transport from?

active transport

move against the concentration gradient

endocytosis

proton pump

NA

examples of active transport:

brownian motion

constant movement of all particles of matter; drives passive transport

diffusion

net movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

osmosis

movement of water across semi-permeable membrane from an area of higher water concentration to lower water concentration.

osmotic pressure

force required to prevent movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane.

osmolarity

moles of solute/liter of solvent

isosmotic

2 solutions with the same concentration of particles

hypo-osmotic

solutions that exerts less pressure, lower concentration of particles

hyperosmotic

solution that exerts more pressure, higher concentration of particles

crenation

when a cell is immersed in a hypertonic solution, resulting in cell shrinkage or _____.

hemolysis

cells swell and burst eventually burts

filtration

net movement of particle from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure; driven by hydrostatic pressure gradient.

hydrostatic pressure

pressure that is exerted by fluid at equilibrium at a given point within the fluid, due to the force to gravity

endocytosis

is the uptake of material through the cell membrane by the formation of a vesicle

phagocytosis

cell eating

pinocytosis

cell drinking

exocytosis

outside; is the release of substance from the cell through the fusion of a vesicle with the cell membrane

23

genetic material is organized into _, which consist of pairs of chromosomes DNA and protein

nuclear envelope

contents of the nucleus are separated from the rest of the cytoplasm by a ______ _____.

nuclear pore

passageways through which materials can move into or out of the nucleus

chromatin

during most of a cell’s life, the chromosomes are loosely coiled and collectively called ____.

nucleoli

are fussed bodies with no surrounding membrane that are found within the nucleoli within the nucleus

ribosomes

are the organelles where proteins are produced (“gene expression”)

rough endoplasmic reticulum

er with attached ribosomes

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

ER without ribosomes attached

golgi apparatus

consists of closely packed stacks of curve, membrane-bound sacs

collects

modifies

package

distributes

what does golgi apparatus do? (protein and lipids)

secretory membrane

a vesicle is a small membrane-bound sac that transport or stores materials to cells.

lysosome

membrane-bound vesicle found in golgi apparatus, they contain of variety enzymes that function as intracellular digestive systems

pompe disease

is caused by the inability of lysosome enzymes to break down the carbohydrates glycogen produced in certain cells

mitochondria

are small organelles with inner and outer membranes separated by a space

cytoskeleton

is internal framework of the cell.

microtubules

microfilaments

intermediate filaments

cytoskeletal protein structures:

microtubules

are hollow structures formed from protein subunits.

microfilaments

are small fibrils from protein subunits that structurally support the cytoplasm, determining cell shape

intermediate filaments

are fibrils formed protein subunit that are smaller in diameter than microtubule formation occurs

centrosomes

is a specialized area of cytoplasm close to the nucleus where microtubule formation occurs

centrioles

are normally oriented perpendicular to each other

gene expression

is the process by which information shored in the gene of DNA molecules directs the manufacture of the various protein of our cells

deoxyribonucleic

DNA meaning

transcription

is the first step in gene expression and it takes place in the nucleus of the cell

genetic code

protein synthesis relies on the ability to “decode” the information stored in the nucleotide sequence of mRNA produced during transition

codons

requires a particular amino acid

translation

is the synthesis of protein based on the information of mRNA

cell cycle

the growth and development, cell division allows for a dramatic increase in cell number after fertilization of oocyte.

interphase

prophase

metaphase

anaphase

telophase

cytokinesis

in a arrange order wright the mitosis

G1

phase during which cell carries out normal metabolic activity

S phase

during which the DNA is replicated

G2 phase

during which the cells prepares to divide

diploid

each of our body cells, except for reproductive cells, contains ____ number of chromosomes, which for humans are 46.

2

a female how many X chromosomes

male

this person has xy chromosome

Apoptosis

programmed cell death