APHG Unit 2 (tprosk)

World Population clusters

From largest to smallest; East Asia (China, Japan), South Asia (Bangladesh, India), Europe and Southeast Asia (Indonesia, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam)

Agricultural Density

The ratio of the number of farmers to the total amount of land suitable for agriculture

Arithmetic Density

The total number of people divided by the total land area.

Physiological Density

The number of people per unit of area of arable land, which is land suitable for agriculture.

Carrying Capacity

Largest number of individuals of a population that a environment can support

Census

the official count of a population

Demography

The scientific study of population characteristics.

Ecumene

The portion of Earth's surface occupied by permanent human settlement.

Overpopulation

a situation in which the number of people in an area exceeds the capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard of living

Fertility

the incidence of childbearing in a country's population

Mortality

The death rate within a population.

Migration

Form of relocation diffusion involving permanent move to a new location.

Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

The total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.

Example of a high crude birth rate

Uganda, 43 births per 1000 people per year

Example of a low crude birth rate

Japan, 7 births per 1000 people per year

US Crude birth rate

12.5 births per 1000 people per year

Crude Death Rate (CDR)

The total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.

Rate of Natural Increase (NIR)

the percentage by which a population grows in a year. (Excludes migration)

CBR-CDR= NIR

World-wide Natural Increase Rate today (2020)

1.2%

Highest world-wide natural increase rate in history

2.2% in 1963

"Rule of 70"

An equation to calculate doubling time: 70 / natural increase rate = doubling time. (Ex: if NIR is 2% then doubling time is 70/2= 30 years.)

Natural Increase rate in the US today (2020)

0.5%

Doubling Time

The number of years needed to double a population, assuming a constant rate of natural increase.

Population Pyramid

A bar graph representing the distribution of population by age and sex.

Maternal Mortality Rate

annual number of deaths of women from pregnancy-related causes per 100,000 live births

Sex ratio

the ratio of males to females in a population

Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

an estimate of the average number of children that each woman in a population will bear throughout her childbearing years

Average Total Fertility Rate in the world today (2020)

2.5

Total Fertility Rate in sub-Saharan Africa today

4.5

Total fertility rate in the US today

1.7

Total fertility rate need to sustain zero population growth

2.1

Dependency Ratio

The number of people under age 15 and over age 64 compared to the number of people active in the labor force

Graying population

a demographic pattern in which the percentage of a country's population older than sixty-five increases

Consequences of a Graying Population

fewer people in the work force and more retired people dependent on the medical and social services of the nation

Anti-Natalist Policies

government policies to reduce the rate of natural increase

Demographic Transition Model (DTM)

The process of change in a society's population from a condition of high crude birth and death rates and low rate of natural increase to a condition of low crude birth and death rates, low rate of natural increase, and a higher total population.

Industrial Revolution

A period of rapid growth in the use of machines in manufacturing and production that began in the mid-1700s

Medical Revolution

the leap of medical knowledge in stage 2 of the demographic transition

Pro-Natalist Policies

Government policies to increase the rate of natural increase

Zero Population Growth (ZPG)

a condition for individual countries when births plus immigration equals deaths plus emigration

stage 1 of demographic transition

Low growth; Very high birth and death rates = 0 NIR; Hunting & gathering, agricultural societies.

Stage 2 of demographic transition

improvements in healthcare, nutrition, sanitation, and wages cause death rates to drop

stage 3 of demographic transition

fertility rates drop and cause a more even distribution of the population according to age and sex

stage 4 of demographic transition

an industrialized society; birth and death rates are both low

Declining Birth Rate

Medicine and contraceptive methods improve during this time so women can choose to have less children.

Thomas Malthus

Eighteenth-century English intellectual who warned that population growth threatened future generations because, in his view, population growth would always outstrip increases in agricultural production.

Neo-Malthusian

theory that builds upon Malthus' thoughts on overpopulation. Takes into count two factors that Malthus did not: population growth in LDC's, and outstripping of resources other than food

Causes of CBR decline

increased education, access to contraception, urbanization

Epidemiologic Transition

The process of change in the different causes of death in each stage of the demographic transition

Epidemiology

Branch of medical science concerned with the incidence, distribution, and control of diseases that affect large numbers of people.

Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)

The total number of deaths in a year among infants under 1 year old for every 1,000 live births in a society.

Life Expectancy

The average number of years an individual can be expected to live, given current social, economic, and medical conditions in a particular society

Pandemic

Disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a very high proportion of the population.

mobility

All types of movement from one location to another.

Circulation

Short-term, repetitive, or cyclical movements of people that recur on a regular basis.

Emigration

movement of individuals out of an area

Forced Migration

Human migration flows in which the movers have no choice but to relocate.

Immigration

Movement of individuals into a population

Internal Migration

Permanent movement within a particular country.

International Migration

Permanent movement from one country to another.

Interregional Migration

Permanent movement from one region of a country to another.

Intraregional migration

Permanent movement within one region of a country.

Migration

Form of relocation diffusion involving permanent move to a new location.

Migration Transition

Change in the migration pattern in a society that results from industrialization, population growth, and other social and economic changes that also produce the demographic transition.

Net Migration

the difference between the number of immigrants and the number of emigrants (determines whether migration raises or lowers your population)

Ravenstein's Law

11 principles that describe most common patterns in migration. For example: 1) Most migrants move only a short distance. 2) females are more migratory than males within the areas of their birth, but males more frequently venture beyond; 3) most migrants are young adults; families rarely migrate out of their country of birth

Voluntary Migration

movement in which people relocate in response to perceived opportunity; not forced.

Counterurbanization

Net migration from urban to rural areas in more developed countries.

Asylum Seeker

a person who has left their home country as a political refugee and is seeking asylum in another.

Floodplain

an area along a river that forms from sediments deposited when the river overflows its banks

Guest Worker

a foreign laborer living and working temporarily in another country

Internally Displaced Person (IDP)

someone who is forced to flee his or her home but who remains within his or her country's borders

Pull Factor

A factor that draws or attracts people to another location

Push Factor

negative home conditions that encourage the decision to migrate

Refugee

A person who has been forced to leave their country in order to escape war, persecution, or natural disaster

Step Migration

Migration to a distant destination that occurs in stages, for example, from farm to nearby village and later to a town and city

Brain Drain

the emigration of highly trained or intelligent people from a particular country.

Chain Migration

migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there

Intervening Obstacle

An environmental or cultural feature of the landscape that hinders migration.

Quotas

In reference to migration, laws that place maximum limits on the number of people who can immigrate to a country each year.

Remittances

Money migrants send back to family and friends in their home countries, often in cash, forming an important part of the economy in many poorer countries

Unauthorized Immigration

People who enter a country without proper documents to do so

Transhumance

A seasonal periodic movement of herders and their livestock between highland and lowland pastures