Module 3 charts

How do the enteric and autonomic nervous systems regulate GI movement and secretions?

The nervous system helps control how the GI tract moves food and releases digestive substances.

How do hormones increase or decrease motility, secretions, and appetite?

Hormones help regulate GI movement, digestive secretions, and appetite.

How does gastrin help with gastric acid and motility?

increases stomach acid production and GI movement.

What does Secretin decrease and what does it increase?

decreases gastric acid and increases the pancreas’s release of bicarbonate and water.

What stimulates pancreatic enzymes and gallbladder bile release?

CCK causes the pancreas to release digestive enzymes and the gallbladder to release bile.

What decreases gastric secretion and stimulates insulin release?

GIP decreases gastric secretion and stimulates the release of insulin.

What promotes hunger and promotes satiety?

Ghrelin promotes hunger, while leptin promotes satiety (fullness).

How can chronic stress affect GI activity?

Chronic stress can decrease or alter GI activity.

What does the esophagus do?

transports food.

What does the esophageal sphincter do?

controls movement into the stomach and helps prevent backflow.

What does the stomach do?

stores and churns food, produces gastric secretions, begins protein and fat digestion, and forms chyme.

What does the pyloric sphincter do?

The pyloric sphincter controls movement of chyme into the small intestine.

What does the small intestine do?

Completes digestion and absorbs most nutrients

What does the large intestine do?

absorbs water and electrolytes and some vitamins and forms feces.

What does the liver do?

produces bile, filters and detoxifies substances, and stores nutrients.

What does the gallbladder do?

Stored and concentrates bile and releases it into the small intestine.

What does the pancreas do?

The pancreas releases digestive enzymes and bicarbonate and produces hormones involved in metabolism.

What happens to carbohydrates?

begins in the mouth with amylase and is completed in the small intestine; carbohydrates are absorbed into the blood.

What happens to proteins?

begins in the stomach with HCl and pepsin and is completed in the small intestine; amino acids enter the blood.

What happens to fats?

begins in the mouth and stomach, but most occurs in the small intestine with bile and enzymes; fat-soluble products enter the lymph.

What happens to vitamins, minerals, and water?

They do not require digestion and are absorbed through the GI tract.