Milady, Ch. 1

Cosmetology

Referred to as appearance enhancement, is the art and of beautifying and improving the skin, nails, and hair.

Kosmetikos

Greek word; skilled in cosmetic use.

In ancient African tribes, braid patterns and hairstyles indicated what?

A person’s tribe, age, marital status, wealth, power, and religion.

Ancient Egyptians created what makeup?

Kohl makeup— originally made from a mixture of ground galena, sulfur, and animal fat.

What was kohl makeup used for in terms of eyes?

To heavily line the eyes, alleviate eye inflammation, and to protect the eyes from the sun’s glare.

The Egyptians were the first civilization to use what?

Essential oils from plant leaves, bark, and blossoms as perfumes for purification purposes.

Throughout the Zhou Dynasty, aka (Chou Dynasty) what were the royal nail colors?

gold and silver

In the early period of Chinese history, nail tinting being tied so closely to social status caused what?

A commoner wearing a royal nail color faced a punishment of death.

What color did noblewomen tint their hair?

Red

What color did middle-class women color their hair?

Blonde

What color did poor women dye their hair?

Black

An innovation in essential oil use in beauty and medicine occurred around 1000 ce, when a persian alchemist named what created what?

Avicenna; refined the steam distillation process, ushering in the modern era of steam-distilled essential oils used today.

What hair and makeup was popular in The Age of Extravagance? (1755-1793)

Giant pompadour wigs and face powdering techniques; Women of status bathed in strawberries and milk. Using lavish cosmetic preparations, such as scented face powder made from pulverized starch.

Victorian women used what beauty masks?

Beauty masks made from honey; eggs, oatmeal, and other natural ingredients.

Marcel Grateau invented what?

The first curling iron with tongs heated by a gas burner.

Motion pictures invented in the early twentieth century contributed to what?

An abrupt shift in American attitudes, as viewers saw flawless complexions, beautiful hairstyles, and manicured nails, standards of beauty began to change.

Charles Dana Gibson’s magazine drawing of “Gibson Girls” featuring what set a new standard of feminine beauty?

Pompadours or bouffants and impossibly tiny waists.

In 1891, she became the first person in America to introduce modern franchising. Former servants or women of little means owned these salons and operated them under the Harper Hair Parlour Name.

Martha Matilda Harper

Who in 1904 emigrated from Lodz, Poland, to the United States. By 1908, he had Americanized his name and begun making and selling makeup.

Max Faktor

In 1906, who invented the first perm machine that curled hair by supplying electrical current to metal rods.

Charles Nessler

Who register the first chemical relaxer in 1909, he applied a chemical solution to wool fabric and noticed it became straighter.

Garrett Augustus Morgan

What men’s cut was neat and clean around the ear, tapered down to nothing at the nape, and blended up into a longer top length with a side part.

1930’s

What celebrity inspired men to explore a more body conscious style, increasing grooming services, leading to a growth in men’s spa services.

David Beckham

Some classic styles (asymmetrical bob, pixie cuts fades, and pompadours) were reinvented for a modern look, often including what…

bright colors outside the usual hair coloring spectrum, such as blues, greens, pastels, and unicorn-inspired looks.

What do the internet and social media provide?

Instant links to other professionals, video tutorials, and group pages where you can ask questions or share your knowledge with others, and tap into many other resources to advance your career.

What are the most common areas to specialize in?

Haircutting, texture, and hair color

Becoming a specialist requires what?

Additional training and experience

Most manufacturers hire their own educators to do what?

Train stylists and salon staff to understand and use the company’s hair care, hair color and other chemical-service products.

What must a salon manager have?

Have an aptitude for math and accounting and be able to read documents such as profit-and-loss statements.

What are the faculties where you can work?

Specialty Salons, Full-service salons, Mobile services (where permitted), Day spas

In 1924, the Associated Master Barbers of America was organized. The name was changed to what and what did it represent?

Associated Master Barbers and Beauticians of America; represented barbershop and beauty salon owners and managers.

By 1925, the AMBBA established the National Education Council to do what?

Standardize requirements for barber schools and barber instructor training, establish a curriculum, and set state licensing laws.

By 1929 AMBBA did what?

adopted it’s Barber Code of Ethics to promote professional responsibility in the trade.