LP2 - the skeleton

how to study bones

largest to smallest

what are the 4 curvatures of the spine?

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral

how is the cervical curvature curved posteriorly?

concave

how is the thoracic curvature curved posteriorly?

convex

how is the lumbar curvature curved posteriorly?

concave

how is the sacral curvature curved posteriorly?

convex

how many bones in the cervical curvature?

7

how many bones in the thoracic curvature?

12

how many bones in the lumbar curvature?

5

how many bones in the sacral curvature?

5 fused

how many bones in the coccyx?

4 fused

what are the three abnormal spinal curvatures?

kyphosis, lordosis, scoliosis

what is abnormal dorsal thoracic curvature called?

kyphosis

what is accentuated lumbar curvature called?

lordosis

what is abnormal lateral rotation of spine called?

scoliosis

what are the three ligaments that unite vertebrae?

anterior/posterior longitudinal ligaments, ligamentum flavum

what ligament runs down the front of the spine and prevents backward bending?

anterior longitudinal ligament

what ligament runs down the back of the spine and prevents forward bending?

posterior longitudinal ligament

what ligament connects adjacent vertebrae?

ligamentum flavum

what is the inner part of an intervertebral disc called?

nucleus pulposus

what is the outer collar of an intervertebral disc called?

anulus fibrosus

what are the cushion-like pads sandwiched between vertebrae that act as shock absorbers called?

intervertebral discs

what is the series of vertebral foramina that serve as a passageway for the spinal cord called?

vertebral canal (spinal canal)

what is the anterior weight bearing region of a vertebra called?

body

what is the enclosure formed by body and vertebral arch coming together?

vertebral foramen

what are the short pillars that form sides of the vertebral arch called, and how many are there in each vertebral arch?

pedicles, 2

what are the fused, flattened plates that form the posterior of the vertebral arch called, and how many are there in each vertebral arch?

laminae, 2

what vertebra process projects posteriorly?

spinous process

what vertebra process projects laterally?

transverse process

what vertebra process protrudes superiorly?

superior articular process

what is on the end of the superior articular process and is covered in cartilage?

superior articular facet

what vertebra process protrudes inferiorly?

inferior articular process

what is on the end of the inferior articular process and is covered in cartilage?

inferior articular facet

what are the lateral openings between vertebrae that spinal nerves pass through called?

intervertebral foramina

what do cervical vertebrae look like?

squirrel from ice age

what do thoracic vertebrae look like?

giraffe

what do lumbar vertebrae look like?

moose

what are the two cervical vertebrae?

atlas (C1) and axis (C2)

what is found in the transverse process of cervical vertebrae for artery passageways?

transverse foramen

what is the knoblike feature of the axis that allows for rotation of the atlas called?

dens

what are the 3 facets on thoracic vertebrae where ribs attach called?

superior costal facet, inferior costal facet, transverse facet

what protects organs of the thoracic cavity and supports shoulder girdles?

thoracic cage

what is the posterior end of a rib that articulates with costal facets on bodies of two adjacent vertebrae called?

head

what is the constricted portion of a rib called?

neck

what is the knoblike portion of a rib called?

tubercle

what is located on tubercle and articulates with the transverse costal facet of same-numbered thoracic vertebra?

articular facet

what is the flat bone that makes up the most of the rib called?

shaft

what is the area of curvature of a rib called?

angle

what is the location of intercostal artery, vein, and nerve in a rib called?

costal groove

what type of rib attaches directly to sternum by individual costal cartilages, and which ribs are these?

true ribs, pairs 1-7

what type of ribs attach indirectly to sternum by joining costal cartilage of rib above, and which ribs are these?

false ribs, pairs 8-10

what type of ribs have no attachment to sternum, and which ribs are these?

floating ribs, pairs 11-12

what does the manubrium, body, and xiphoid process make up?

sternum

what is the superior portion of the sternum that articulates with ribs 1 and 2?

manubrium

what is the midportion of the sternum that articulates with ribs 2-7?

body

what is the inferior end of the sternum that is the site of muscle attachment?

xiphoid process

what attaches the upper limbs to body trunk?

pectoral girdle

what anchors muscles and act as braces to hold the scapulae and arms out laterally?

clavicles

what s-shaped end of a clavicle articulates with sternum medially?

sternal (medial) end

what flattened end of a clavicle articulates laterally with scapula?

acromial end

what is the bony prominence of a clavicle called?

conoid tubercle

what are the thin triangular flat bones on dorsal surface of rib cage called?

scapula

what is the lateral projection of the scapula that articulates with acromial end of clavicle to form the acromioclavicular joint?

acromion

what is the anterior projection of the scapula that anchors the bicep muscle?

coracoid process

what is the prominent ridge of the scapula called?

spine

what is the shoulder joint in the scapula called?

glenoid cavity

what border of the scapula runs parallel to spine?

medial border

what border of the scapula is near the armpit?

lateral border

where do superior and medial borders of the scapula meet?

superior angle

where do medial and lateral borders of the scapula meet?

inferior angle

what is the opening for nerves in the scapula called?

suprascapular notch

what is the only bone of the arm called?

humerus

what is the proximal end of the humerus that fits into the glenoid cavity called?

head

what is the slight constriction of the humerus inferior to the head called?

anatomical neck

what is the most frequently fractured part of the humerus called?

surgical neck

what are the two sites of muscle attachment on the humerus?

greater and lesser tubercle

where does the deltoid muscle attach midway down the shaft of the humerus?

deltoid tuberosity

what is the distal ball-like condyle of the humerus?

capitulum

what is the distal hourglass shaped condyle of the humerus?

trochlea

what are the two fossae of the humerus?

coronoid fossa, olecranon fossa

what is the medial bone in the forearm?

ulna

what two features of the ulna grip the trochlea of the humerus to form the hinge joint

olecranon and coronoid process

what is the site of ligament attachment in the ulna?

ulnar styloid process

what is the lateral bone in the forearm?

radius

what part of the radius articulates with capitulum of humerus and radial notch of ulna?

head

what part of radius anchors biceps?

radial tuberosity

what part of radius anchors ligaments?

radial styloid process

what do the carpus, metacarpus, and phalanges make up?

hand

what are the wrist bones called and how many are there?

carpals, 8

what are the palm bones called, and how many are there

metacarpals I-V, 5

what are fingers called?

digits

what is the thumb called, and which digit is it?

pollex, digit I

what are the two bones of the pollex?

proximal and distal phalanx

which digits are the four fingers?

digits II-V

what are the three bones in the four fingers?

proximal, middle, and distal phalanx

what attaches lower limbs to body trunk?

pelvic girdle/pelvis

which pelvis is tilted forward, has lighter, smoother bones, and a broader pubic arch?

female

which pelvis is tilted less upward, has heavier bones with more prominent markings, and a more acute pubic arch?

male

what is the hip bone called?

coxal bone (os coxae)

what are the three fused bones of the coxal bone in adulthood?

ilium, ischium, pubis