learning disabilities

What is acuity?

How clear or sharp your vision or hearing is.

What is perception?

How your brain understands and makes sense of information from your senses.

What is IDEA?

individuals with Disabilities Education Act — the federal law for special education.

What is FAPE?

Free Appropriate Public Education — students with disabilities have the right to an appropriate education for free.

What is LRE?

Least Restrictive Environment — students with disabilities should learn with non-disabled peers as much as appropriate.

What is a learning disability (LD)?

A difficulty that affects skills like reading, writing, listening, speaking, or math.

What are the 7 areas for LD?

Listening, speaking, reading, writing, basic reading, reading comprehension, math calculation, and math reasoning.

What is severe discrepancy?

A large difference between a student’s ability and their academic achievement.

What is UDL?

Universal Design for Learning — teaching in different ways so more students can learn successfully.

What is ZPD?

Zone of Proximal Development — what a student can do with help but cannot do alone yet.

Who created the stages of development?

Jean Piaget.

What are Piaget’s 4 stages?

Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational.

What is the birth-date effect?

Students born near a school cutoff date may be younger or older than classmates in the same grade.

What does ABC mean in behavior?

Antecedent → Behavior → Consequence.

What is the antecedent?

The observable action the person does.

What is the behavior?

The observable action the person does.

What is the consequence?

What happens right after a behavior.

What is FBA?

Functional Behavioral Assessment — finding why a behavior happens.

What is behavioral analysis?

Studying what happens before and after a behavior to understand it.

What is sensory memory?

Very brief memory of information from your senses.

What is working memory?

Short-term memory you use to hold and work with information.

What is long-term memory?

Memory that stores information for a long period of time.

What is encoding?

Putting new information into your memory.

What is direct instruction?

Getting information back out of your memory.

What is automaticity?

Doing a skill quickly and correctly without thinking much about it.

What is direct instruction?

Teacher-led teaching with clear explanations, modeling, and practice.

What are the 4 A’s?

Academic, social, behavioral, and emotional.

What are social challenges?

Problems interacting, communicating, or building relationships with others.

What are emotional challenges?

Problems managing or expressing feelings and emotions.

What are behavioral challenges?

Behaviors that interfere with learning or functioning at school.

What are internalizing behaviors?

Problems directed inward, like anxiety, sadness, or withdrawing from others.

What are externalizing behaviors?

Problems directed outward, like aggression, defiance, or acting out.

What is positive reinforcement?

Adding something good to make a behavior happen more often.

What is negative reinforcement?

Removing something unpleasant to make a behavior happen more often.

What is attribution theory?

How people explain why they or other people behave a certain way.

What is the Premack Principle?

Using a preferred activity to encourage someone to do a less-preferred activity.

What is manifestation determination?

Deciding whether a student’s behavior was connected to their disability.

What are neurons?

Nerve cells that send and receive information in the brain and body.

What is an associative skill?

A skill involving connecting or linking information or ideas together.

What is a cognitive skill?

A thinking skill, such as remembering, reasoning, or solving problems.

What is an autonomous skill?

A skill you can perform automatically without thinking much about it.

What does the frontal lobe do?

Helps with planning, decision-making, problem-solving, movement, and self-control.

What does the parietal lobe do?

Helps process touch, body awareness, and spatial information.

What does the occipital lobe do?

Mainly processes vision.

What does the temporal lobe do?

Helps with hearing, language, memory, and understanding information.

What does the amygdala do?

Helps process emotions, especially fear and emotional reactions.

What does the hippocampus do?

Helps form and retrieve new memories.

What does the insula do?

Helps you notice internal body sensations and process emotions.

What does the cerebellum do?

Helps with balance, coordination, posture, and movement.