DDS LEC - Semi Solids

Topical

Type of drug delivery where dermatological product is designed to deliver the drug into the skin in treating dermal disorders

Transdermal

Type of drug delivery where product is designed to deliver drugs through the skin (percutaneous absorption) to the general circulation for systemic effects, with the skin not being the target organ

Ointments

Are semisolid preparations intended for external application of such consistency that they may be readily applied to the skin with or without rubbing

Medicated Ointment

Ointment that is used for treatment of cutaneous infections

Ointment Bases

Another term for non-medicated ointment

Test of Microorganisms for dermatological products

P. aeruginosa and S. aureus.

Organisms tested for rectal, urethral or vaginal route

yeasts and molds.

Creams

Are semisolid preparations containing one or more medicinal agents dissolved or dispersed in either a water-in-oil (W/O) emulsion or an oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion or in another type of water-washable base.

Easier to spread and remove than ointments

Advantage of creams over ointment

Fusion method

Methods of preparation for creams

Gels/Jellies

Are semisolid systems consisting of dispersions of small or large molecules in an aqueous liquid vehicle rendered jelly-like by the addition of a gelling agent

Pastes

Thicker and stiffer than ointments

More absorptive and less greasy than ointments

Effective employed to absorb serous secretions and therefore preferred for

crusting and oozing lesions

Zinc oxide Paste

Example of paste

Plasters

Are solid or semisolid adhesive masses spread upon a suitable backing material and intended for external application to a part of the body to provide prolonged contact at that site

Glycerogelatins

Substance is Melted prior to application, cooled and applied with a fine brush

Zinc Gelatin

Official Glycerogelatin that is used for the treatment of various ulcers

Cataplasms / Poultices

Are ointment like preparations intended for warm, external application to a body surface for the purpose of reducing inflammation and/or allaying pain

Numotizine®

Examples of cataplasm

Uses of Ointment

Emmolient, Protective Barriers, and Vehicles

2 types of ointment

Medicated and Non-Medicated

Examples of Medicated Ointments

Sulfur Ointment, Zinc Oxide Ointment, Whitefield Ointment, and Compound Resorcinol Ointment

Uses of non-medicated ointment

protectants, emollients, lubricants or vehicle

4 types of ointment base

Hydrocarbon base, Absorption base, Water REMOVABLE base, Water SOLUBLE base

Examples of Hydrocarbon Bases

Petrolatum USP, Yellow Ointment, White Petrolatum, White Ointment, Mineral Oil

Two Types of ABSORPTION BASES

1. Those that permit the incorporation of aqueous solutions, resulting in the formation of water-in-oil emulsions

2. Those that are already W/O emulsions that

   permit the incorporation of small additional

   quantities of aqueous solutions

Emulsion Bases

Those that are already W/O emulsions that permit the incorporation of small additional quantities of aqueous solutions

Methods of Preparing Ointment

Incorporation by spatulation, Incorporation by trituration/levigation, Fusion

W/O

Water is the INTERNAL phase, while Oil is the EXTERNAL phase

O/W

Oil is the INTERNAL phase, while Water is the EXTERNAL phase

Types Creams

O/W, W/O

Packaging of Ointment

Large-mouth ointment jars or in metal or plastic tubes

Components of Gels

Gelling agent, Water, Drug Substance, Solvents, Antimicrobial Preservatives, Stabilizers

Mode of administration for gels

Skin, Eye, Nose, Vagina, Rectum

Components of Plasters

Backing Material, Adhesive material, Medicinal Substances

Types of Plasters

Medicated, Non-Medicated

Medicated Plaster

Keratolytic, for the removal of corns

Non-Medicated Plaster

Used to provide protection or mechanical support

15%

% of GELATIN in GLYCEROGELATIN

40%

% of GLYCERIN in GLYCEROGELATIN

35%

% of WATER in GLYCEROGELATIN

10%

% of Added Medicinal Substance in GLYCEROGELATIN

How Cataplasms are Applied

Should be warmed before application and applied with a piece of cloth

Classes of Dressings

Primary wound dressing (semisolid) or wet dressings (antiseptic solutions)

Absorbents

Bandages

Adhesive tapes

Paraffin Dressing, NF

is an air-excluding, soft, pliable, analgesic, splint –like covering for surfaces denuded

by wound.

Surgical Dressing

any material used as covering, protective, or support for a diseased part

Hydrocarbon Bases

Another term is oleaginous base

Water free and contain petrolatum and/or modified petroleum waxes or paraffin oil

retained on the skin for prolonged periods

Do not permit the escape of moisture from the skin

Difficult to wash-off (greasy)

Used for emollient and occlusive action

Absorption Bases

Are not easily removed from the skin with water washing

Useful as pharmaceutical adjuncts to incorporate small volumes of aqueous solutions

into hydrocarbon bases

Examples of Absorption Bases that PERMIT the INCORPORATION of aqueous solutions

Hydrophilic Petrolatum,USP

Aquaphor® / Aquabase ®

Water REMOVABLE bases

Are Oil-in-Water emulsion resembling creams

in appearance

Are easily washed from the skin and are

often called “WATER-WASHABLE” bases

May be diluted with water or with aqueous

solutions

They have the ability to absorb serous

discharges

Example of water REMOVABLE bases

Hydrophilic Ointment, USP

Water SOLUBLE bases

Commonly referred to as “greaseless”

ointment bases

Water-washable, because of the absence of

oleaginous material

Soften with the addition of large amount of

aqueous solutions

Examples of water SOLUBLE bases

Polyethylene Glycol Ointment,NF – contains PEG 3350 (40%) and PEG 400 (60%)

Ophthalmic Ointments and Gels

• Provide extended residence time on the surface of the eye.

• Cleared from the eye as slowly as 0.5% per minute

• Ointment bases should have a softening point close to body temperature, both for comfort and for drug release

• Must be packaged in collapsible ointment tubes having elongated narrow tip

• Must meet USP sterility test and requirements for metal particles

Nasal Ointments and Gels

Intended for local effects on the mucous membrane and underlying tissues (nasal decongestants)

Vaginal Preparations

• packaged in tubes; vaginal foams in aerosol canister

• Used in the topical treatment of vulvovaginal infections, vaginitis, endometrial atrophy and for contraception with spermatocidal agents

Rectal Preparations

• to treat local conditions of anorectal pruritus, inflammation, and the pain and discomfort associated with hemorrhoids

• are packaged with special perforated plastic tips