Period 3

Growth

children grow about 2 to 3 inches each year between ages 6 to 11

Cognitive advances

children in the middle childhood years have changes in brain structure and functioning

1. There is faster more efficient information processing

2. Increased ability to ignore distractions

Sleep

children between the ages 6 to 13 require 9 to 11 hours each night

Poor quality of sleep

associated with psychological problems

Rough and tumble play

wrestling, kicking, hitting, tumbling, grappling, and chasing behaviors

Recess

associated with improvements in academic performance, cognitive functioning, and physical and emotional health

Adverse effects of obesity in childhood

1. depression and low self-esteem

2. falling behind in physical and social functioning

3. high cholesterol and blood pressure

solutions for preventing children from being overweight or obese

1. less time in front of devices

2. changes in food labeling

3. changes in food advertising

4. education on making better food choices

5. increased participation in physical activities

acute medical condition

occasional, short term conditions such as infections, warts, are common

Chronic medical condition

physical, developmental, behavioral, or emotional conditions that persist for 3 months or more

Concrete Operations

they can use mental operations such as reasoning, to solve concrete problems but still limited in their thinking to the real world (no abstract thinking)

Spatial relationships

ability to engage in spatial visualization is associated with advances in numerical reasoning and skills

Children in cognitive advances can:

1. interpret maps

2. find their way to/from school

3. estimate times

4. remember routes

Causality

ability to make judgments about cause and effect improves during this stage

Categorization

ability to categorize objets using a series of relatively sophisticated abilities

Seriation

ability to arrange objects in a SERIES according to one or more dimensions

Transitive Inferences

understanding the relationship between two objects by knowing the relationship of each to a third object

Class Inclusion

ability to see the relationship between a WHOLE and its parts and to understand the categories within a whole

Inductive Reasoning

involves making observations about particular members of a class of people, animals, objects, or events, and the drawing conclusions about the class as a whole

Deductive Reasoning

type of logical reasoning moves from a general premise about a class to a conclusion about a particular member or members of the class

Conservation

children should now be able to understand the conservation of liquid task.

Executive Functioning

conscious control of thoughts, emotions, and actions to accomplish goals or solve problems

Selective Attention

ability to deliberately direct one’s attention and shut out distractions

Working Memory

short term storage of information that is being actively processed

Mnemonic device

strategy to aid memory

External Memory Aids

prompts by something outside the person

Rehearsal

conscious repetition of something

Organization

mentally placing information into categories

Elaboration

associating the item with something else

Metacognition

thinking about thinking or awareness of one’s own mental processes

Metamemory

understanding the processes of memory

Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligence

belives that each person has several distinct forms of intelligence

8 specific areas of intelligence

1. Linguistic

2. Logical-mathematical

3. Spatial

4. Musical

5. Bodily-kinesthetic

6. Interpersonal

7. Intrapersonal

8. Naturalist

9. Existential

Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory of Intelligence

three elements of intelligence:

1. componential

2. experiential

3. contextual

Componential element

Analytic aspect of intelligence. Determines how efficient people process information.

Experiential element

insightful or creative aspect of intelligence. determines how people approach novel or familiar tasks

Contextual element

practical aspect of intelligence. helps people deal with their environment. ability to size up a situation and decide what to do in real-world context

Second language learning

In 2019, 23% of US children ages 5-17 spoke a language other than English at home, most commonly Spanish

Decoding

child matches visual features of letters and phonemes and remembers which one goes together

Phonetic Approach

process of sounding out a word and translating it from print to speech before retrieval from long-term memory

Whole-Language Approach

process emphasizes visually based on retrieval of entire words from memory

High self- efficacy

students believe they can master schoolwork and regulate their own learning

Low self-efficacy

students tend to become frustrated and depressed, feelings that make success increasingly elusive over time

Intellectual disability

significantly subnormal cognitive functioning

Learning Disabilities

disorder that interferes with specific aspects of school achievement, such as listening, speaking, reading, writing, and mathematics

Creativity

ability to see situations in a new way, to produce innovations, and to see new solutions to old problems

Convergent thinking

thinking aimed at finding the one right answer to a problem

Divergent Thinking

involves coming up with a wide array of fresh, diverse possibilities