History of Psychology Midterm Study Guide: Psychoanalysis, Analytical Psychology, and Foundations

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering the core psychoanalytic, Adlerian, Jungian, typological, and historical concepts for the psychology midterm study guide.

Hysteria

A historical diagnostic category involving disabling bodily symptoms that occur without an adequate or known bodily lesion, raising questions about how experience, suggestion, and conflict affect physical functioning.

Animal Magnetism

An invisible force proposed by Franz Anton Mesmer as an explanation of illness and its treatment.

Cathartic Method

A therapeutic mechanism identified in Josef Breuer's treatment of Anna O., linking a symptom to an inaccessible experience and emotion, followed by the recovery and expression of that emotion, and resulting in relief.

Free Association

A psychoanalytic method introduced by Sigmund Freud in which patients report whatever comes to mind without deciding in advance what is acceptable or relevant.

Resistance

Omissions, avoidance, and censorship exhibited by a patient that protect against threatening unconscious material and serve as material for psychoanalytic interpretation.

Repression

A defense mechanism that keeps threatening material outside of conscious awareness while it continues to affect thought, emotion, or behavior.

Projection

A defense mechanism in which a person experiences their own unacceptable feeling or impulse as belonging to someone else.

Displacement

A defense mechanism wherein an emotion is redirected toward a safer or less threatening target.

Reaction Formation

A defense mechanism in which an unacceptable impulse is defended against through an exaggerated opposite attitude.

Sublimation

A defense mechanism where an impulse is redirected into a socially acceptable or valued activity.

Transference

The psychological process of bringing feelings and expectations from an earlier relationship into a present relationship.

Repetition Compulsion

The recurring enactment of distressing patterns that may persist despite conscious insight or an intention to change.

Primary Gain

The direct role of a psychological symptom in reducing internal conflict or anxiety.

Secondary Gain

Additional external benefits derived from a symptom, such as attention or relief from demands.

Manifest Content

The remembered narrative or imagery of a dream as experienced by the dreamer.

Latent Dream Thoughts

The underlying psychological material, meaning, and wishes situated behind the manifest content of a dream.

Condensation

A dream-work mechanism that combines several people, ideas, or meanings into a single representation.

Secondary Revision

A dream-work process that arranges dream elements to give the resulting dream a more coherent story.

Id

The structural component of the mind that presses directly for satisfaction.

Ego (Freud)

The structural component of the mind that negotiates reality and manages internal conflict.

Superego

The structural component of the mind that imposes ideals and moral judgment, capable of condemning a wish even when it is never acted on.

Inferiority

In Adlerian psychology, a felt gap between what a person currently is and what they desire to be.

Compensation

In Adlerian psychology, an effort to overcome perceived personal limitations or weaknesses.

Style of Life

In Adlerian psychology, an individual's characteristic way of pursuing their organizing goal or imagined future.

Social Interest

An Adlerian concept defining psychological health through belonging, cooperation, and meaningful contribution to others.

Feeling-Toned Complex

A group of memories, ideas, expectations, and reactions organized around an emotional theme, possessing relative autonomy to redirect attention and behavior.

Libido (Jungian definition)

A broad, general psychic energy that can manifest in both sexual and nonsexual forms.

Personal Unconscious

Unconscious material tied directly to an individual's personal life that is not readily available to consciousness.

Collective Unconscious

A dimension of the psyche involving inherited dispositions that structure and organize human experience, distinct from personal memories.

Archetype

An inherited, proposed organizing disposition of the collective unconscious.

Archetypal Image

A particular expression of an underlying archetype appearing in a dream, myth, story, or artwork, shaped by culture and personal history.

Active Imagination

A technique in which an image, dream fragment, or emotion is allowed to develop while the person participates consciously, later considering its significance for ordinary life.

Monomyth

Joseph Campbell's comparative mythological framework consisting of three core stages: separation, initiation, and return.

Ego (Jung)

The center of conscious identity within Jungian analytical psychology.

Self (Jung)

The archetype and organizing center of the whole psyche, encompassing both conscious and unconscious life and directed toward wholeness.

Individuation

The developmental process of forming a more differentiated and integrated personality over a lifespan.

One-Sidedness

A psychological imbalance that develops when a familiar standpoint repeatedly excludes other psychological capacities.

Extraverted Sensation (Se)

A perceiving orientation that attends to the concrete sensory qualities of the external object.

Introverted Sensation (Si)

A perceiving orientation that attends to the subjective impression evoked by the object.

Extraverted Intuition (Ne)

A perceiving orientation that perceives emerging possibilities in external situations.

Introverted Intuition (Ni)

A perceiving orientation that attends to inner images, symbolic patterns, and inner possibilities.

Extraverted Thinking (Te)

A judging orientation that evaluates through objective facts, established principles, and external criteria.

Introverted Thinking (Ti)

A judging orientation that evaluates through internally developed concepts and logical frameworks.

Extraverted Feeling (Fe)

A judging orientation that evaluates through shared values and interpersonal circumstances.

Introverted Feeling (Fi)

A judging orientation that evaluates through subjective values and an inward sense of worth.

Dominant Function

The most differentiated psychological function in an individual's type that establishes their principal conscious standpoint.

Auxiliary Function

A psychological function that complements and supports the dominant function by providing balance between judging and perceiving.

Inferior Function

The function directly opposite the dominant function, which is the least differentiated and least available to conscious control.

Persona

The social identity developed in response to collective expectations that supports societal roles, relationships, and responsibilities.

Shadow

Aspects of the psyche that the ego does not recognize or accept as its own, including unwanted impulses, contradictory desires, and undeveloped capacities.

Anima

In Jung's historical formulation, an archetype representing the feminine personification of the unconscious within a man.

Animus

In Jung's historical formulation, an archetype representing the masculine personification of the unconscious within a woman.

Numinosity

A distinct quality of religious or psychological experience characterized by mystery, sacredness, awe or dread, and fascination.

Privatio Boni

The philosophical and theological doctrine that evil is merely a privation or absence of good, which Jung disputed due to evil's observable psychological reality.

Synchronicity

Jung's concept of an acausal connecting principle describing meaningful correspondence between events without an apparent causal link.

Alfred Adler

Founder of Individual psychology; emphasized inferiority, compensation, goal-directed striving, style of life, and social interest.

Anna Freud

Psychoanalyst recognized for the systematic study of ego defenses, including the publication of The Ego and the Mechanisms of Defence.

Carl Jung

Founder of analytical psychology; established association experiments, psychological complexes, the collective unconscious, and individuation.

Franz Anton Mesmer

Physician who proposed animal magnetism as an invisible physical fluid and force explaining illness and treatment.

Hippolyte Bernheim

Leader of the Nancy school who explained hypnosis through ordinary suggestibility, expectation, and context rather than pathology.

Isabel Briggs Myers

Co-developer of the Myers–Briggs Type Indicator with Katharine Cook Briggs, expanding on Jung's typological model.

James Braid

British surgeon who reinterpreted mesmeric phenomena as resulting from focused attention and nervous processes, helping establish the scientific concept of hypnotism.

Jean-Martin Charcot

Neurologist of the Salpêtrière school who linked hypnosis and hysteria to underlying pathological nervous conditions.

Josef Breuer

Physician who treated Bertha Pappenheim (Anna O.) and collaborated with Freud in developing the cathartic method and talking cure.

Joseph Campbell

Comparative mythologist who formulated the monomyth structure of separation, initiation, and return.

Sabina Spielrein

Early psychoanalyst who moved from psychiatric treatment at Burghölzli into medicine and pioneer research on the psychological content of schizophrenia.

Toni Wolff

Analyst who collaborated with Jung on Transformations and Symbols of the Libido and served as an early leader of the Zürich Psychology Club.

Controlled Introspection

Wilhelm Wundt's experimental method involving trained observers who report immediate judgments under systematically varied, repeatable laboratory conditions.

Apperception (Wundt)

The active psychological process by which attention brings a portion of immediate experience into clear focus and synthesizes it.

Völkerpsychologie

Wilhelm Wundt's non-experimental, historical, and comparative study of higher mental processes through language, myth, and custom.

Stream of Consciousness

William James's description of subjective mental life as personal, continuously changing, selective, and active.

The 'I' and the 'Me' (James)

William James's structural distinction between the self as knower and active observer (the 'I') and the empirical self as known object of reflection (the 'Me').

Spiritual Me

In William James's self-concept, the dimension of the empirical self ('Me') that concerns inner capacities, dispositions, and enduring values.