Bio L112 Exam 1 Flashcards

What three disciplines is L112 a foundations course for?

Cell Biology, Molecular Biology, and Genetics.

organismal biology

organic, holistic approach that says life can only be understood by studying whole organisms and their interactions

mechanistic approach to biology

says life can be understood by reducing it to molecular mechanisms/smaller parts

L112 uses a _____ approach to studying biology

mechanistic

Systems Biology

the idea that you have to look at all the parts not just one component (bridge the gap between organismal and mechanistic biology)

prokaryotes are represented by

bacteria and archaea

prokaryotes _____ have nucleus/organelles

do not

Prokaryotes are _____ In size then eukaryotes

smaller

cellularity of prokaryotes

unicellular

prokaryotes are more simple or complex?

simple

eukaryotes are represented by

protists, fungi, animals, plants

eukaryotes ____ have nucleus/organelles

DO

eukaryotes are ______ in size then prokaryotes

bigger

cellularity of eukaryotes

unicellular or multicellular.

are eukaryotes simple or complex

complex

protists are…

unicellular or colonial

unicellular fungi are…

yeasts

cellularity of plants and animals

multicellular

Matlack’s Minimal Criteria for Life (2 big ones)

1. life is structured and ordered 2. life is responsive towards stimuli

response to stimuli does not equal…

self propelled movement.

response to stimuli does not equal self propelled movement because…

an organism can respond by having a biochemical response or gene change

life transfers _____ through _______ and generates its own ______

energy metabolism ATP

What are primary producers?

autotrophs, they make their own food

what are consumers?

heterotrophs, they eat living things to get energy

life must ______ its own kind

reproduce

Why don't viruses meet the minimum criteria for life?

They do not make their own ATP and cannot reproduce on their own

What is the universal molecule of inheritance?

DNA

key feature of LIVING cells

intact cell membrane

all life requires ____ for some part of its cycle?

water

life is self regulating through…

homeostasis

What does “life is emergent” mean?

Life arises from interactions between smaller parts (ex: Individual cells → interact together → form tissues/organs → create a living organism)

life is diverse, but there is a _____ to all life

unity

What does "Life is diverse, yet there is a unity to all life" mean?

Life is very diverse, but all life shares important basic characteristics.

life obeys the fundamental laws of

physics and chemistry

what does every living thing use as the energy transfer molecule in the cell?

ATP

All life stores ____ for inheritance and daily functions in the cell?

DNA

Only __% of your DNA codes for the synthesis of a protien

1-2%

first law of thermodynamics

conservation, energy/matter cannot be created or destroyed

second law of thermodynamics

the entropy of a system must always increase

What are the four fundamental forces mentioned

Gravity, strong nuclear force, weak nuclear force, electromagnetic force

gravity

bodies with mass attract one another

What is nuclear fusion?

Fusing protons together to make heavier elements.

What is an example of nuclear fusion?

the sun

What is nuclear fission?

Splitting atomic nuclei apart.

both nuclear fusion and fission release…

a lot of energy

What are the two possible electrical charges?

pos and neg

What happens to like charges?

they repel

What is electromagnetic radiation?

light

What happens as you move toward GAMMA rays?

Wavelength gets shorter, energy is higher, frequency is higher

what happens as you move towards RADIO waves?

longer wavelength, lower energy, lower frequency

What is wave-particle duality of light?

Light can act as either a wave or a particle.

What is a particle of light called/when light acts like a particle?

photon

What does "discrete" mean?

A specific energy level or wavelength.

What does it mean that electron shells have discrete energy levels?

Electrons can only exist at specific energy levels, not anywhere in between (ex: elections can only exist in the numbers 5, 10 15, no numbers in between like 7 or 8)

Magnetosphere?

protects Earth from charged particles in the solar wind.

without the magnetosphere…

Solar winds would strip off Earth's atmosphere and hydrosphere

What is the most abundant gas in Earth's atmosphere?

nitrogen, 78%

What percentage of the atmosphere is oxygen?

21%

What is the least abundant gas in Earth's atmosphere?

Krypton, 0.00011%

Where does nearly all O₂ in Earth's atmosphere come from?

Oxygenic photosynthesis.

Does all life require atmospheric O₂ for metabolism?

no, many microbes are anaerobes and oxygen is toxic to them

the ozone layer is critical to terrestrial life bcs…

it helps block dangerous UV rays (UV-C)

Is today's atmospheric CO₂ the highest in Earth's history?

no, The Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM) had higher levels

When was co2 the highest in the atmosphere on the earth

The Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM)

What does anoxia

Low oxygen (O₂)

Most of the PETM extinctions were in marine organisms and due to…

low levels of oxygen

What happens to O₂ solubility when temperature increases?

it decreases.

What happens to O₂ solubility when temperature decreases?

It increases.

Why can higher temperature contribute to low oxygen in water?

as temperature increases, the solubility of O₂ decreases.

What kind of relationship does O₂ solubility have with temperature?

It is inversely proportional to temperature.

What is the lithosphere?

The Earth's rock layer; "litho" means rock.

What is the lithosphere mostly made of according to the lecture?

SiO₂, quartz

What elements in rocks are essential for all life?

Mg, K, Na, Ca, and Fe.

How do essential minerals in rocks become available to lifeforms?

Weathering and erosion

First Law vs. Second Law of Thermodynamics?

First Law: Energy and matter are conserved.
Second Law: Entropy/disorder must increase.

What is a photon?

a particle of light

What protects Earth from charged particles in solar wind?

The magnetosphere.