chapter 9 bio

genome -

a cells genetic information (DNA)

gene -

unit of information encoded in the sequence of nucleotide bases in DNA

gene expression -

multistep process of converting information in a gene to an RNA or protein product; includes transcription and translation

cellular chain of command

DNA - RNA- Protein

transcription

process which a gene is copied into RNA from (mRNA); enzymes synthesize a complementary strand of RNA from the DNA template

mRNA

contains information transcribed from DNA

rRNA

RNA component of ribosomes which build polypeptide chains

tRNA

delivers amino acids to ribosomes during translation

transcription happens in the …..

nucleus

where is transcription exported to?

the cytoplasm

pre-mRNA is processed into ….

mRNA

what is not needed in transcription?

a primer

what takes place for thymine in RNA?

Uracil

what do RNA polymerase and regulatory attach to when changing from DNA to RNA?

Promoter

Promoter

a specific binding site in DNA close to the start of the gene

what direction does a promoter move in?

5' to 3'

when changing from DNA to RNA what unwinds?

the DNA helix

terminator

a short series of bases where transcription ends

what are the three steps of transcription?

1) initiation (Promoter)

2) elongation (Making RNA transcription

3) termination (terminator)

the order of codon determines the order of ________

amino acids

AUG is a _____ codon

START

wobble

flexible pairing at the 3rd base of a codon

E site

where empty tRNA leaves the ribosome

A site

holds tRNA carrying the next amino acid

some mutations do no affect gene products because of ________

codon redundancy

frameshift mutation

causes the reading frame of mRNA codons to shift, changing the genetic message