chapter 4 - rest of reinforcement

Generalized conditioned reinforcers

paired with wide variety of other reinforcers. ex - money, praise and tokens

factors that influence reinforcement (ICIdM)

immediacy, contingency (consistency), individual differences, and magnitude/amount

immediacy

the quicker it is administered after behaviour the greater effectiveness it has for reinforcement

contingency

creating connections between behaviour and reinforcement or in response to behaviour,

using the 'if, then', predictably tied to the behaviour.

ex - washing a car, you will receive money

Individual differences

reinforcers vary from person to person, personal preferences/favours

magnitude/amount

a more intense stimulus is more effective reinforcer. ex - payment of $1000 to wash a car

Motivating operations -MO's (EOs/AOs)

antecedent, momentary effect, not a future effect.

it alters the potency (or value) of a reinforcer and alters the occurrence of behaviour (evocative, increase) or abative (decrease).

two kinds of MO's - Establishing operations (EO's, evocative) and Abolishing operations (AO's, abative)

Establishing Operations (EO's)

Increases the potency/value of the reinforcer, and evokes behaviour that produces a reinforcer

ex - being tired(EO), increases the coffees value (reinforcer), in many cases it due to deprivation (lack of having something which makes it more valuable)

Abolishing Operations( AO's)

decreases the potency or value of a reinforcer.

Abates behaviour that produces a reinforcer.

ex - satisfaction, adding aversive, satiation

schedules of reinforcement

continuous reinforcement (CRF),

intermittent reinforcement,

fixed schedules,

varied schedules, and

combined schedules

continuous reinforcement (CRF)

every occurrence of a response/behaviour is reinforced

ex - sasha loves stickers, everytime she uses the toilet, her parents give her a sticker, therefore she uses the toilet more often

Intermittent reinforcement

SOME occurrences of a response are reinforced.

ex - after 2 weeks of no accidents, parents give a sticker for every second use of the toilet, and she continues to use the toilet.

UNLESS IT IS AN FR1 then it is not intermittent

fixed and variable schedules

ratio - fixed ratio (FR) and Variable ratio (VR), based on number of responses.

interval - Fixed interval (FI) and variable (VI), based on the 1st response after the interval of time

Fixed Ratio Schedules

reinforcers after a certain number (x) of responses.

ex - after every 10th response, administer the reinforcement FR10.

produces high rates of responding and there is a pause in reinforcement/response.

ex - sticker after every second use of the toilet -> FR2 schedule.

Variable ratio schedules

reinforcer after an average number (x) of responses.

ex - VR3 will look like 4(sR), 6(Sr), 1 (Sr), 1 (sr), 3(sr)= the average is three.

produces high and steady rates of responding. there is no pause in reinforcement.

ex - coach praises a player on average every 4th good throw -> VR4

Fixed interval schedule

reinforcer for first response after certain amount X interval of time.

ex - FI 5 min.

produces low rate of responding with an on and off pattern.

response rate increases near end of interval.

ex - teacher calls on a student when he raises his hand only after every 15min -> FI15min

Variable Interval Schedules

reinforcer for first response after an average interval of time.

ex - VI 10 min, can be a little more or a little less.

produces steady, low to moderate rates of responding. there is no on and off pattern.

ex - wanda gets a snack after about 2 hours of computer work -> VI 2 hours

combined schedules of Sr

there are concurrent schedules and multiple schedules of reinforcement.

concurrent schedules of reinforcement

2 or more schedules of reinforcement available concurrently (same time) and each schedule is associated with a different Sd for a different behaviour.

Competing schedules for emission of response.

influential factors -

schedule of Sr (which Bx produces higher rate of Sr),

magnitude of Sr (which bx produces bigger/better Sr),

immediacy of Sr (which bx produces Sr more quickly),

and response effort of Sr (which bx is easier for accessing SR)

examples of concurrent schedule

bx. - taking notes on laptop or checking text messages = both lead to information (Sr).

influential factors -

schedule of Sr - keeping up in notes or looking at what the message says.

magnitude of Sr - either accurate notes or big sale.

Immediacy of Sr - exam information or sale ending tonight.

response effort - typing notes or texting or responding back, or opening website to see big sale.

all of these affect which behaviours will be engaged in

multiple schedules of reinforcement

two or more schedules of Sr that occur sequentially and each schedule is associated with different Sd for different Bx.

ex - chatting with a friend - walking outside to the library (sched 1), and inside the library (sche 2), and leaving the library is to go back outside (sche 1).

there is a different in chatting in response to each schedule Sr?