Ap gov 3.3

Figure-Ground (gestalt)

Figure = the object 

Ground = the background or surroundings in which the object occurs

Closure (gestalt)

Filling in the gaps to perceive a completed image

Proximity (gestalt)

Objects close to each other are grouped together

Similarity (gestalt)

Grouping based on shared characteristics

Perceptual Constancies

Perceiving objects as unchanging (having consistent color, size, shape, brightness, etc) even as illumination and retinal images change

Visual Cliff

Depth perception is largely innate

Visual Cliff = apparatus used to test depth perception in infants

Retinal Disparity (Binocular Disparity)

depth perception guided by the different images seen by each eye. (finger sausage)

Convergence

Sensing the eyes converging (turning inward) as they focus on closer objects

Linear Perspective

Parallel lines appear to converge in the distance

Relative Size

Closer objects appear larger on the retina and further objects are appear smaller

Relative Clarity

Objects in the distance appear less clear/more blurry; objects that are closer appear clear/sharp

Texture Gradient

Close objects appear to have more detail than objects that are further away

Interposition

Objects that obstruct/block the view of another object are perceived as closer

Stroboscopic Motion (Phi phenomenon)

An illusion of movement (as in a motion picture) experienced when viewing a rapid series of still images

Looming

As an image expands on our retina, we perceive it as approaching us