Chapter 1 intro to human body

Anatomy

study of the structure of living things

Gross or macroscopic

large structures

Microscopic

very small structures

developmental

strutural changes

Physiology

study of the function of living things

structure determines function

(ANATOMY) (PHYSIOLOGY)

Homeostasis

ability to maintain stable internal conditions

levels of structural organization

smallest/simpilist / largest/most complex

chemical level

atoms smallest particles of matter

molecules

2 or more atoms held together by chemical bonds

smooth muscles cell

structural unit of all living things

smooth muscle tissue

group of related cells having common function

organ

structure made of 2 or more tissue types having specific function (transport blood)

organ system

several organs working together

organismal

many organ systems (individual living thing

Integumentary

structure- hair, skin, nails (function- covering the surface of body, makes vitamin d)

skeletal

structure- bone, joints (function- shape of body, forms blood cells, stores minerals (calcium)

muscular

structure- skeletal muscles (function- movements, produces heat)

nervous

structure- brain, spinal cord, nerves (function- fast acting, control system)

Endocrine

function- glands secrete chemical messages called hormones

Cardiovascular

structure- heart, blood vessels (function- transports blood)

lymphatic

function- fluid retrieval (prevents swelling), body defense

respiratory

structure- lungs (function- gas exchange (oxygen)

digestive

function- how we break down foods, rid of solid waste fiber cant*

urinary

structure- urinary (function-removes nitrogenous wastes *toxics made by body*

reproductive

function- produces sperm/offspring

Output

reverses the direction of the stimulus (in balance triggering event)

Negative feedback (most common)

(ex; regulate body temp, heart rate, blood pressure, blood sugar (glucose)

Positive feedback (rare)

output enhances/increases stimulus Ex: blood clotting, labor contractions

Anatomical position

standing, facing forward, arms down, palm facing forward

Superior

towards the head

inferior

away from the head

anterior

toward the front

posterior

toward back

medial

toward at midline

lateral

away from midline

proximal

closer to point of attachment (closer to hip)

distal

farther from point of attachment (closer to fingertips)

contralateral

opposite side

ipsilateral

same side

Body cavities

space inside the body with no opening

Dorsal body cavity

closer to the back (holds brain and spinal cord, continuous)

Ventral body cavity

closer to front, holds more organs (visceral organs , heart, lung, stomach, liver, digestive (divided by diaphragm)

Double layer membranes consist of

pariteal layer- outer layer

visceral layer- inner layer

serous fluid-lubricating fluid between the parietal and visceral layers

3 serous membranes

Pericardium- serous membrane of pericardial cavity

Pleura- of the pleural cavity

Peritoneum- of the abdominal pelvic cavity

parietal pericardium

outer layer of heart

visceral pericardium

inner layer (covers the heart)