Physical Activity and Immobility (FOUNDATIONS OF NURSING #4)

Physiology Of Movement skeletal system bones:

consists of a hard outer shell w spongey interior

206 bones

long bones (femur, humerous)

short bones (phalanges and metacarpals)

flat bones (sternum and cranial bones)

irregularly shaped (vertebrae adn tarsal bones) produce rbc

osteoclasts

special cells break down old/ damaged tissue

osteoblasts

Repair and build new bone

joints

When 2 bones come together (articulate) for body movement

physilogy of movement

skeltal system

muscles

motor nevrous system

joint function

synarthroses, amphiathrosis, diathroses (ligamets, tendons, cariledge)

synarthroses

moveable joints (btween cranial bones)

amphiathrosis

limited movement (vertbrea/pubic bones)

diathroses (synovial joints)

Freely moveable with synovial fluid  and articular cartilage (connective tissue) to prevent friction

ligaments

Fibrous tissue that connect most moveable joints that are tough and strong

tendons

fibrous tissue that attaches muscle to bone

cartilage

smooth, elastic connective tissue  to cushion joints and other parts of the body (ears, nose, vertebral discs)

muscles

make up half of b.w

skeletal, smooth, cardiac

skeletal muscle

move bones and joints

smooth muscle

digetsive tarct adn other hollow structures (bladder blood vessels)

cardiac muscles

spontantous contractions

muscle attachment

Pont of origin occurs on the more stationary bone

• Point of insertion to the more flexible bone

Muscles work in pairs: When a bicep contracts the triceps relax

Motor Nervous System

Controls the movement of the musculoskeletal system

Autonomic, Somatic

autonomic N.S

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic nervous system that controls involuntary muscles (heart, blood vessels, and glands

somatic N.S

Controls voluntary skeletal muscles. When there is a conscious decision to move a body part

motor nervous system movement comes form

• Reflex mechanisms

  • Knee jerk or corneal reflexes

  • Muscle contraction (regardless as conscious or reflex) stimulates afferent nerves  that communicate with the cerebral cortex and cerebellum

  • Controls & coordinates movements

body mech

4 componenys to the mvment of our body (cervical, theatric, lumbar, sacrum, coccyx)

body mechanics: alignment

• Posture is important to maintain spinal alignment

• It also allows for muscles, joints, ligaments to work at peak performance

• Contributes to normal functioning of the nervous system and well-being

• Review  pg. 1164 of tips to maintain proper posture*

body mechanics balance

(2^nd component)

• Line of gravity from head to center of gravity

• Center of gravity: the point where mass is distributed

• Base of support is what holds your body up

body mech coordination

• (3^rd component)

  • To move smoothly, must have coordination between the nervous system & musculoskeletal system

    • Cerebral Cortex = involuntary movement

    • Cerebellum = Coordinates movement / proprioception (awareness of posture / movement)

    • Basal ganglia = Deep on the cerebrum & assists with coordination

body mech. joint mobility

• (4^th component)

  • Allows for sitting, standing, bending, walking

  • ROM = Range of motion: maximum movement

  • AROM = Active ROM: Movement without assistance

  • PROM = Passive ROM: Assisting with movement

body mech: avoiding injury

• Use /maintain  proper alignment

• Have a wide base of support

• Avoid bending & twisting

• Squat to lift

• Keep objects close when lifting

• Raise beds to appropriate height

• Push versus lift

• Get help!

• Protect your back (upper and lower), arms & legs

Types of Exercises

isometric, isotonic, isokinetic, aerobic, anaerobic

isometric

muscle contraction w/o movement

isotonic

mvmt of the joint during muscle contraction

isokinetic

performed w special apparatus that provides resitstance

aerobic

Requires energy from metabolic pathways, O2 & uses large muscle groups. Increases heart & respiratory rates through cardiovascular system while exercising musculoskeletal system

Anaerobic

• 
  

• Amount of O2 needed to perform an activity is not enough required to perform the exercise

SLIDE 12