Week 3 RADR 1309 Study Guide

Know nonverbal communication characteristics. the process of sending and receiving messages without using spoken or written words

The process of sending and receiving messages without using spoken or written words.

You have received a request to perform a radiographic study on a patient who is clearly intoxicated but coherent. In preparing to perform this procedure, you should

ensure your safety by checking to see that the hospital security officer will stay with the patient during the procedure

Upon receiving an order or request to perform a radiographic examination on a patient, the first step to consider in order to achieve exam success is to

perform a patient assessment by referencing the patient's chart or exam request

According to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, our first and most basic need is

physiological needs

Clearly understanding your emotions when handling patients and their families is referred to as

emotional intelligence

When communicating with a young child as part of a radiographic examination, an effective strategy to communicate would be to

kneel down to the child's eye level and lower your voice

When working with an elderly patient you should

Speak slowly and clearly and ask for understanding and feedback.

When dealing with a terminally ill patient who demonstrates mutual pretense of their condition, what approach would be appropriate?

politely working in silence as necessary and attending to his/her physical needs

According to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, few people completely satisfy the need for

self-fulfillment and self-actualization

Toddlers’ concept of time is essentially now, and distance is whatever can be seen. Therefore, speaking with simple words that are familiar to children is important, and expecting them to think about how they will feel in an hour should be avoided. Toddlers are often concerned only with what you are going to do to them at the moment.

Use simple, familiar words and focus on what will happen right now.

A common emotion of most patients entering the hospital is

fear of the unknown and about their condition

When patients arrive with a nasogastric tube in place, although they may normally be friendly and outgoing,

they may prefer to wait in a location where they do not have to face the public.

A(n) ______ is someone who has been admitted to the hospital for diagnostic studies or treatment.

inpatient

Aging is a natural part of living. As you work with older patients, it is important to empathize with their conditions and understand the physiologic changes of the aging process. Know what these changes may include.

Common aging changes include decreased bone density, muscle mass, lung capacity, sensory function, and skin elasticity.

As a patient begins to accept the inevitability of death, he or she may ask to discuss important circumstances that will affect the last moments of life. These concerns may include the administration of CPR techniques, organ donation, internment plans, pain control, and sedation. To formalize these wishes, patients will complete a(n)

advanced directive

Professional medical imaging personnel must possess many desirable traits and skills. Know the traits and skills required to succeed in patient interactions as a part of performing examinations as a radiographer.

Professionalism, empathy, communication, patience, respect, confidence, and competence.

The use of humor during radiographic procedures can be effective with patients if used professionally and under the right circumstance. Understand what type of humor is appropriate.

Use professional, respectful humor appropriate to the patient and situation; never at the patient’s expense.

An important piece of information regarding a patient’s need for medical care is sought by physicians and medical professionals. Many times, patients are vague about their pain or reason for seeing the doctor. It is important to discover the patient’s ____________ for seeking medical care.

Chief complaint

In the process of questioning a patient about the reason for having the requested X-ray examination, the patient becomes irritated and complains that she “is getting pretty tired of saying the same things over and over to all these nurses.” An effective method to deal with this patient’s attitude would be to

explain that each person is asking questions specific to their patient care task

Good history taking involves the collection of objective and subjective data. Know the difference.

Subjective data is information based on personal opinions, feelings, or what a person reports, while objective data is factual, measurable, and observable information that does not change based on who collects it.

Know what is considered objective data.

Patient’s vital signs

When asking about a patient’s pain, it is effective to

ask the patient to point to or touch area that hurts and record the information

As a patient begins to explain his reasons for coming to the clinic for a radiographic examination, he begins to use medical terms to describe his conditions. His information appears to be accurate medically and helps clarify his symptoms. To deal with this patient, you should

politely listen, record his comments, and repeat his statements to clarity.

Know the sacred 7 of medical histories.

Localization, chronology, quality, severity, onset, aggravating/alleviating factors, and associated manifestations

In determining a patient’s description of his or her pain, a good question to ask would be

all of the above.

On a patient’s examination requisition for a KUB, you notice that the history recorded by the emergency department staff states “R/O appendicitis.” In an effort to gain more precise information about the patient’s condition, questions to ask that would be important to this examination (KUB) would be

“How would you describe the pain?” “Can you touch the area that specifically hurts?” 1 and 4 only

Most radiologists have one key question they want answered when it relates to any medical imaging examination. That question most likely would be

“Why is the patient having this examination?”

In recording a patient history for the radiologist, you note that the patient has an open sore on her ankle. In your description, you indicate that the sore is draining and has a foul odor. This information deals with

the quality of a patient history.

As you prepare to take a PA chest radiograph on a patient who is suspected of having a lung collapse, you note that the patient has an extremely difficult time taking in a deep inspiration. An imaging sciences professional would

Record the depth of inspiration as a measure of the quality of the symptom.

The patient coming to you for an abdominal examination (KUB) states, “My belly hurts.” A logical question to ask next would be

“Can you touch the area of your belly that specifically hurts?”

According to the U.S. Department of Labor, one of the most common work-related injuries resulting in lost work time and disability is

strains, sprains, and tears and back injury

A sudden drop in a patient’s blood pressure caused by standing or sitting upright is called

orthostatic hypotension

When lifting patients, it is important to

keep your back stationary and lift with your legs

Know good lifting mechanics.

Keep a stable base, bend at the knees, keep the load close, use your legs, and avoid twisting.

You have received a patient from the nursing floor who needs to be transferred by way of a hydraulic lift. The patient arrives at the medical imaging department on a cart without a transfer sling. To proceed with a safe lift, you should

call the busting floor and return the patient to be placed on a sling

If a patient cannot assist with a cart-to-table transfer, you should

a draw sheet or transfer assist device (such as a slider board or sliding mat) should be used

Some patients cannot bear weight on their lower extremities and must be lifted onto the table. If the patient is lightweight, a two-person lift can be executed.

The stronger person should lift the patient’s torso while the second person lifts the patient’s feet. The person lifting the patient’s torso usually directs the other person’s actions.

Radiologic technologists use four types of wheelchair transfers

(1) standby assist, (2) assisted standing pivot, (3) two-person lift, and (4) hydraulic lift. Log roll assist is not a wheelchair transfer.

To move a patient from a cart onto a radiographic table, position the cart alongside the table on the patient’s strong or less affected side.

The cart must be wheeled as close to the table as possible and then secured.

Moving heavy objects is relatively easy and safe if the object is held close to the mover’s center of gravity. Stability can be achieved when a body’s center of gravity is

over its base of support.

For efficient and safe patient transfers and handling, the imaging professional should

use red postural muscles for support.

Patient immobilization is a critical part of achieving optimum image quality. Even the smallest, undetectable involuntary motion can degrade the final image. Effective methods to reduce the amount of patient motion include

all of the above. giving clear, concise instructions to the patient before the exposure. b. assessing the amount of patient cooperation you can expect and making adjustments in immobilization. c. explaining how important it is to hold still during the exposure so that a good image can be obtained.

To achieve extreme dorsiflexion of the ankle, the most effective immobilization method uses

Velcro straps

The technique of wrapping an infant patient in a sheet is known as

mummification

You have received an examination request for a pediatric wrist and hand radiograph. The examination history states that the child caught her hand in a fan. The child’s hand shows soft tissue swelling but no cuts or abrasions. The patient is brought to you with her mother, who is quite distraught and upset over her child’s injury. As you proceed to image the daughter, how would you effectively handle the parent in this situation?

Refer to departmental policy on parents in the examination room, and use your best experience to deal with the mother, which may include having her leave the room as you do the examination

The Pigg-O-Stat is useful for upright chest and abdominal radiographic examinations. It is not designed for recumbent positioning. One disadvantage of the Pigg-O-Stat is

possible artifacts caused by the plastic sides, which can overlap the anatomic area of interest.

The ideal patient immobilization device would be

radiolucent, durable, and easy to use for the radiographer.

How would tape is used as an immobilization tool with an infant?

twist the tape so the nonadhesive side is against the infant's skin.

One of the most effective, simple, inexpensive, and reliable methods of restraining or immobilizing a child is a mummy wrap. Although this method can be used on children 4 or 5 years of age, it is beneficial for

children who are still too young to understand cooperation.

The Octostop immobilization device is used on

on infants and children younger than 1 year.

The collection of vital signs data is quick and noninvasive. The usual vital signs measured include

temperature, pulse rate, BP, and respiratory rate.

What does adequate breathing consist of?

adequate rate and adequate depth (tidal volume)

Know the normal body temperature measurements for the different modalities.

Average oral   98.6°O

Average tympanic      97.6°T

Average temporal artery       100°TA

Average rectal                99.6°R

Average axillary            97.6°A

The peak blood pressure reading, when measuring blood pressures, is

systolic pressure.

A reliable device to measure oxygen saturation levels of arterial blood is a

Pulse Oximeter

Know the range of what is considered a normal body temperature.

98.6°F (37°C)

Know respiratory measurements.

Adults 12-20 breathes per minute, children 20-30, newborns 30-60

The levels of blood pressures that are read on a sphygmomanometer are

Systolic over diastolic

The objective of oxygen therapy is to:

To prevent or correct hypoxemia and maintain adequate oxygenation.

The flow rate of oxygen therapy is given in

Liters per minute

To measure blood pressures, you will need a

Stethoscope and sphygmomanometer

Know hypoxia and how it affects the patient.

A deficiency of oxygen reaching body tissues.

Oxygen is listed in the U.S. Pharmacopeia and is defined as a drug in the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1962. Similar to any drug, oxygen has both good and bad biologic effects; the minimum dose should always be given to obtain the desired result and no more. Therefore,

a physician must prescribe oxygen.

What should a radiographer consider when taking a portable chest radiograph on a patient undergoing oxygen therapy?

The oxygen should not be removed without the consent of a physician or respiratory care practitioner

The ideal location of the endotracheal tube tip is

in the trachea 1 to 2 inches above the carina

Thoracostomy tubes are used to

reestablish negative intrapleural pressure

A patient is thought to have had a cardiac arrest.

The patient’s pulse should be checked at the carotidartery.

You have completed a portable chest radiograph on a patient in the ICU. The image is positioned correctly and has acceptable image quality. When the correct placement of a central venous (CV) line using a right-sided approach is assessed, the catheter tip should

not cross the midline of the patient and should be located in the superior vena cava

A Swan-Ganz catheter differs from a central venous (CV) catheter in that Swan-Ganz

lines measure arterial pressures in the wedge position and reflect pressure in the left atrium, catheters may be single-lumen or multilumen design, with a pressure electrode and cuff at the distal end, catheters are named after jeremy swan and william ganz (all of the above)

While performing a portable chest radiograph on an uncooperative patient with a CV line inserted, you note that the catheter fixation material has loosened. Your responsibility as a professional radiographer is to

inform the patient’s nurse of the catheter issues before taking the radiograph.

Which type of circulation begins with blood being pumped out of the left side of the heart?

Systemic circulation

An abnormal heartbeat is a/an

heart arrhythmia

The process of recording the electrical activity of the heart is

electrocardiography

Rapid, regular atrial rhythm is

atrial flutter

The most common type of cardiac arrhythmia, manifesting as a series of extremely rapid and irregular atrial contractions, is

atrial fibrillation

A mass of fat or lipids on the wall of an artery is a(n)

atheroma

Hardening of the arteries and the presence of atheromas are

atherosclerosis

What is an external or implantable device that provides an electronic shock to the heart to restore a normal rhythm?

Pacemakers

Open-heart surgery in which a piece of a blood vessel from another location is grafted onto one of the coronary arteries to reroute blood around a blockage is

Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG)

Difficult and/or painful breathing is called

Dyspnea

The sensation or urge to vomit is called

Nausea

The process of breathing in is

Pulmonary Ventilation

What is the combining form for the structure that is a flap of cartilage at the opening of the voice box and that closes access to the windpipe?

Epiglott/o

The double-folded serous membrane that surrounds the lungs is

Pleura

The substance that prevents the sacs at the ends of the bronchioles from collapsing is

pulmonary surfactant

The combining forms for muscles involved in normal, quiet respiration are

cost/o = ribs phren/o = diaphragm

The combining form for the tubes that bifurcate into the lungs is

bronchi/o

What is an abnormal enlargement of the distal phalanges as a result of diminished oxygen in the blood?

Clubbing

What acute, viral infection of early childhood is marked by stridor caused by spasms of the larynx, trachea, and bronchi?

Croup or acute laryngotracheobronchitis

What inherited disorder of the exocrine glands results in abnormal, thick, mucus secretions that cause chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?

cystic fibrosis (CF)

A variety of pathogens cause inflammation of the lungs, or

pneumonia

A test to diagnose cystic fibrosis is a

Sweat test

A test to measure the air capacity of the lungs is

spirometry

A device advanced through the oral cavity and pharynx to establish an airway is a(n)

endotracheal tube

Excision of the voice box is

Laryngectomy

Abnormal narrowing of the windpipe is called

Tracheostenosis

Sudden, involuntary contraction of the bronchi is called

bronchospasm

Extremely shallow breathing is called

Hypopnea

A progressive and irreversible diminishment in inspiratory and expiratory lung capacity is

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Inflammation of the voice box is

laryngitis