HNF150 - QUESTIONS (from lecture + saved from weekly problem sets)

scientific method steps:

question → hypothesis → study/experiment → collect data → analyze results → conclusions → peer review → replication

cross sectional study is a…

snapshot in time (no temporal aspect)

case control retrospective - measures more than one time as it looks in the…

past

case control prospective - measures more than one time as it looks in the…

future

fatness/weight is not a indicator of poor ___

health

HAES - ______ health focus over weight

mental health

describe the efficacy % for dieting as a treatment for obesity:

90-95% of people who diet regain all the weight they lost

EAR - meet the needs of ___% of the population

50

EAR is set when there isn’t enough evidence when…

setting the RDA

RDA - meet needs of __% of the population

98

RDA can set when we have enough…

data to do so

UL set when we don’t have enough…

evidence to set RDA

DV - set by the:

FDA

DV is not a DRI but…

informed by them

AMDR - percentage of calories that should come from:

carbs, fat, protein

when given choices of nutrients, identify which are required on Nutrition Facts labels:

total fat (saturated and trans), cholesterol, sodium, total carb (dietary fiber, total sugars, added sugars), protein, vitamin D, Calcium, iron

What were their overall conclusions of EAT- Lancet Commission

a healthy diet could also be environmentally sustainable

3 functions:

barrier defense, innate immunity, and adaptive immunity

relationship between immunity and nutrition

bad nutrition = bad immunity

difference between acute and chronic inflammation in health and disease

acute = inflammation that only lasts for a short period of time; chronic = inflammation you have at all times

which foods feed the “healthy” bacteria?

fiber (prebiotics)

which foods lower the diversity of the “healthy” bacteria?

ultra processed foods lower diversity of the “healthy” bacteria (foods low in fiber)

lactose is found in ____

milk

sucrose is ____ sugar

table

daily value for fiber:

28 grams per day for fiber

whole grains - daily servings per day:

3

added sugars - daily value:

less than 50 grams per day (less than 10% of your calories)

hormones controlling blood glucose concentrations during fasting

glucagon is released from pancreas when blood sugar is low + tell your liver to release sugar + tells your liver to release glycogen (our storage of carbohydrates)

hormones controlling blood glucose concentrations during feasting

sugar is entering your blood stream, pancreas release insulin 

Type 1 diabetes symptoms:

autoimmune

Type 2 diabetes - symptoms:

lifestyle

Type 1 diabetes - prevention

can’t really be prevented

Type 2 diabetes - prevention

healthy diet + excercise

Describe the relationships between different types of carbohydrates -- whole grains, refined grains, and sugars (sugar and high fructose corn sweetener) and cardiovascular disease, dental caries, and Type 2 diabetes

refined grains and sugar add to cardiovascular disease and dental

describe the Planetary Health Diet

The Planetary Health Diet emphasizes mostly plant-based foods such as vegetables, fruits, whole grains, legumes, and nuts, while limiting red meat, processed meat, and added sugars

Butter is just about pure fat. About how many calories does one part of butter (10g) have?

I. 40

II. 45

III. 50

IV. 70

I

What type of study - an athlete who was immobilized after an ACL knee injury followed a low carb-high protein diet for 8 weeks, and lost ~12 lbs of muscle in this time period:

I. case study

II. cross-sectional study

III. animal intervention study

IV. randomized trial

I

What type of study - 219 people were recruited for a study and divided into 2 groups. One group was randomly assigned to a low fat plant-based diet and the other group was randomly assigned to follow their regular diet for 18 weeks. Those who ate a plant-based diet significantly lowered their blood cholesterol by the end of the study but not those who ate a regular diet.

I. case study

II. cross-sectional study

III. animal intervention study

IV. randomized trial

IV (two categories to study here 1- where we are observing and 2- where we are changing something to see what happens when we are changing it)

What type of study - a population was assessed at one time point. People who ate more fruits and vegetables were less likely to die from cancer and cardiovascular disease.

I. case study

II. cross-sectional study

III. animal intervention study

IV. randomized trial

II

What type of study - mice fed a high saturated fat diet gained more weight, had reduced gut microbiota, and experienced more pain when compared with mice fed a diet high in polyunsaturated fat or a low fat diet. 

I. case study

II. cross-sectional study

III. animal intervention study

IV. randomized trial

III

how many calories per gram in carbs?

4

the major site for chemical digestion of food and absorption of nutrients is the:

I. SI

II. colon

III. stomach

IV. liver

I

the role of bile is:

I. solubilizing proteins

II. increasing acidity

III. neutralizing acidity

IV. emulsifying fats

IV

what is fiber?

I. indigestible chains of glucose

II. digestible chains of fructose

III. indigestible chains of fructose

I

which food is a good source of starch?

I. citrus fruit

II. dark, green leafy vegetables

III. enriched greens

IV. avocado

III

according to a prospective epidemiological study, which diet is the most preventive for Type 2 diabetes?

I. high glycemic and high cereal fiber

II. high glycemic and low cereal fiber

III. low glycemic and low cereal fiber

IV. low glycemic and high cereal fiber

IV

a food contains 8 grams of fat and provides 300 calories per gram. what is the percentage of calories obtained from fat in the food?

I. 24%

II. 30%

III. 48%

IV. 52%

I

which of the following contains more calories per gram than alcohol?

I. carb

II. protein

III. water

IV. lipids

IV

the most energy-rich nutrient is:

i. carb

ii. fat

iii. protein

iv. water

iiv. fiber

ii

people classified as overweight have a higher risk of mortality

false

which of the following is not an epidemiological study?

i. cross-sectional

ii. migration

iii. cohort

iv. qualitative study

iv

which of the following steps comes after the hypothesis and prediction step in the scientific method?

i. observation

ii. results and interpretations

iii. analysis of data

iv. experiment

iiv. publication

iv

what percentage of dieters regain weight back in 1-5 years?

i. 10%

ii. 50%

iii. 95%

iv. 70%

iii

all of the following are components of the “diet cycle” EXCEPT:

i. restriction

ii. satisfaction

iii. guilt

iv. deprivation

ii

which is not one of the 4 domains of the Satter Eating Competence?

i. eating attitudes

ii. food acceptance

iii. internal regulations

iv. social influence

iv

which is not one of the 3 strategies to support eating competence?

i. structure

ii. surveillance

iii. satisfaction

iv. support

ii

which of the following nutrients does not supply energy/calories in an individual’s diet?

i. protein

ii. vitamins

iii. lipids

iv. carbs

ii

what is NOT an example of an organic nutrient?

i. water

ii. carb

iii. protein

iv. vitamin A

i

essential nutrients are:

i. nutrients that do not cause deficiency diseases if they are omitted from the diet

ii. necessary nutrients that can be obtained only from the diet

iii. nutrients that the body can manufacture from raw materials

iv. nutrients that pass through the body unabsorbed

ii

which type of research studies populations and is often used to search for correlations between dietary habits and disease incidence?

i. a lab study

ii. a case study

iii. a epidemiological study

iv. a placebo-controlled study

iii

which study type compares two groups of people in the same population at the same time point?

i. cross sectional

ii. case

iii. lab'

iv. migration

i

dieting and weight-focused interventions may lead to:

i. weight cycling

ii. anxiety about weight

iii. weight gain

iv. all of the above

iv

which is not a category of the eating continuum?

i. eating competence

ii. eating disorder

iii. normal eating

iv. disordered eating

iii

select which is not a characteristic of the HAES paradigm:

i. reinforces control

ii. reinforces trust

iii. focus on health

iv. leads to weight stability

i

select a health benefit of eating competence:

i. higher quality diet

ii. reduced caloric intake

iii. improved diet compliance

iv. decreased sleep

i

which is not one of the 4 domains of the Satter Eating Competence Model?

i. food acceptance

ii. internal regulations

iii. social influence

iii

the digestion of macronutients begins in your mouth with enzyme action on:

i. carbs, fats, proteins

ii. proteins

iii. fats

iv. fats and starch

iiv. fiber

iv

the taste sensation umami can best be described as ________.

i. a somewhat salty flavor derived from metal ions

ii. the combination of salt and sweet tastes together

iii. a savory or meaty taste derived from the amino acid glutamate

iv. the taste that arises from compounds such as caffeine and quinine

iii

saliva contains an enzyme that breaks down ___

i. protein

ii. starch

iii. iron

iv. adipose

ii

the kidneys are waste and ___ removal specialists

i. fat

ii. carb

iii. water

iv. blood

iii

which of the following does not occur as part of the stress response?

i. the muscles tense up

ii. the liver pours forth glucose from its stores

iii. the digestive system speeds up

iv. the fat cells release fat

iiv. the heart rate increases

iii

suppose it is determined that 50 mg of a vitamin is enough for 50% of Americans to avoid deficiency and 98 mg of the same vitamin is enough so that 98% of Americans avoid deficiency. Where will the Food and Nutrition Board set the RDA for the population?

i. 98 mg

ii. 70 mg

iii. 100 mg

iv. 50 mg

iiv. 80 mg

i

Which of the following is an example of a health claim as defined by the FDA?

i. diets low in sodium may reduce the risk of high blood pressure

ii. whole grains are good sources of fiber

iii. drink milk everyday for your calcium intake

iv. oatmeal is low in saturated fat

i

According to the definition by the Food and Drug Administration, which of the following is a nutrient claim?

i. “diets low in fat may reduce the risk of cancer”

ii. “light”

iii. “calcium builds strong bones”

iv. “dairy-free”

ii

RDAs (recommended dietary allowances) are used as:

i. adequate intakes

ii. nutritional intake goals for individuals

iii. tolerable upper limits

iv. nutritional intake goals for populations

ii

dietary reference intakes (DRI) are nutrient standards used on food labels and on grocery store signs

false

probiotics may be most useful in treating:

i. constipation

ii. diarrhea

iii. celiac disease

iv. food intolerance

ii

which of the following is an example of an ultra-processed food?

i. a cake

ii. an apple

iii. a bowl of salad

iv. a bowl of rice

iiv. a boiled egg

i

the percentage of the DV in the updated label on food packages are given in terms of a person requiring ____ calories each day:

i. 2,000

ii. 1,000

iii. 3,000

i

the lymphatic system is responsible for transporting ___ to the blood system:

i. calcium

ii. protein

iii. carb

iv. fat

iiv. water

iv

when the pancreas detects a high concentration of blood glucose, it:

i. stimulates the liver to release glucose into the blood

ii. secretes glucagon

iii. secretes insulin

iv. secrets both insulin and glucagon

iii

the digestion of food includes the mechanical actions of:

i. chewing to allow some nutrients to be absorbed into the body through the tongue

ii. peristalsis waves to move the food down through the digestive tract

iii. the stomach to gently release the food into the small intestine

iv. the small intestine to absorb water and create the past that forms feces

iiv. the large intestine, which releases gas that facilitates fecal transport

ii

a coordinated muscular contraction that propels food along the GI tract is called ___.

i. a sphincter

ii. enterohepatic circulation

iii. a pump

iv. peristalsis

iv

which of the following statements about digestive juices is true:

i. saliva which begins the digestion of protein

ii. gastric juice in the stomach which has the role of digesting fats

iii. bile released by the gallbladder to break down carbohydrates in the stomach

iv. pancreatic juice which neutralizes stomach acids reaching the small intestine

iv

Grapes and concentrated grape juice both provide sugars, but the grapes are a healthier choice because:

i. they are more protein dense

ii. they contain more sucrose and less fructose

iii. they are less nutrient dense

iv. they provide fiber and phytochemicals

iiv. they are essentially calorie-free

iv

digestion of most starch begins in the _____.

i. mouth

i. SI

iii. stomach

iv. pancreas

iiv. liver

i

which hormone controls blood glucose while fasting?

i. insulin

ii. glucagon

iii. estrogen

ii

consuming a diet rich in added sugars increases the risk of cardiovascular disease and diabetes

true

what is starch?

i. a plant polysaccharide composed of fructose

ii. a plant monosaccharide composed of fructose

iii. a plant polysaccharide composed of glucose

iv. a plant monosaccharide composed of glucose

iiv. a plant disaccharide composed of glucose

iii

glucose is a single sugar used in both plant and animal tissues for energy.

true

which of the following foods is not a major source of soluble fibers?

i. fruits

ii. legumes

iii. vegetables

iv. milk

iv

which of the following animal-derived foods contains significant amounts of carbs?

i. chicken

ii. beef

iii. milk

iv. pork

iiv. lamb

iii

refined wheat that is used to make white bread removes all parts of the kernel EXCEPT:

i. bran

ii. endosperm

iii. husk (chaff)

iv. germ

iiv. stem

ii

the human brain and other nerve tissues use mostly ____ as fuel.

i. fructose

ii. protein

iii. glucose

iii

an adequate carb intake is important in preventing ketosis and sparing proteins from use as an energy source.

true

the best type of fiber to eat for reducing constipation is:

i. glycogen

ii. crude fiber

iii. soluble fiber

iv. insoluble fiber

iv

starch is found in all the following foods EXCEPT:

i. rice

ii. pork

iii. potatoes

iv. corn

ii

insulin is made in the _____

i. gallbladder

ii. pancreas

iii. liver

iv. small intestine

ii

pairs of single sugars linked together are called _____

i. disaccharides

ii. monosaccharides

iii. fiber

iv. triglycerides

i