Nematodes

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1
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What is the specimen of choice for nematode?
Stool
- eggs (most common)
- larva
- rarely adults
2
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Which larval stage is usually the infective stage for nematodes?
Filariform larvae
3
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What two species are the hookworms?
Ancylostoma duodenale
Necator americanus
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How is the method of infection different for hookworms and Strongyloides compared to other nematodes?
Penetration of skin via filariform larvae
5
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Besides the intestines, named two alternative body sites for infection and the parasite(s) associated with each.
Lungs
- Ascaris lumbricodes
- Hookworms
- Strongyloides

Tissue
- Trichinella spiralis
6
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Common name for Enterobius vermicularis?
Pinworm
7
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Infective stage of pinworm/E. vermicularis
Egg - ingestion (dirty hands, toys, bedding, etc.)
8
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Diagnostic stage of pinworm/E. vermicularis
Eggs, larvae, adults in stool
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What is pruritis and which parasite is it associated with?
Intense anal itching
E. vermicularis
10
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Laboratory diagnosis of E. vermicularis
Wet mount
Scotch tape test
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Common name for Trichuris trichiura
Whipworm
12
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Infective stage of whipworm/T. trichiura
Eggs - ingestion
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In heavy whipworm infection, what rectal symptoms might manifest?
Rectal prolapse
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Laboratory diagnosis of T. trichiura?
Wet mount
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Common name for Ascaris lumbricoides
Giant intestinal worm
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Infective stage of A. lumbricoides
Eggs - ingestion
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Diagnostic stage of A. lumbricoides
Eggs in feces
Larvae in sputum
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What alternative body site does A. lumbricoides infects?
Lungs
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Symptoms of A. lumbricoides infection
Intestinal
- usually asymptomatic unless the load is heave
- Abdominal pain
- Vomiting, nausea

Lungs
- Pneumonia
- Asthma
- Eosinophilia
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Laboratory diagnosis of A. lumbricoides
Wet mount
Sputum

ELISA also available
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Common name for Ancylostoma duodenale
Old World hookworm
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Common name for Necator americanus
New World hookworm
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Infective stage of hookworm
Filariform larvae - penetration of skin
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Diagnostic stage of hookworm
Eggs in feces
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What alternative body site can hookworm infects?
Lungs
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How to differentiate btw. Ancylostoma and Necator?
Eggs are identical

Ancylostoma - teeth

Necator - cutting blades
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Symptoms of hookworm
Pulmonary issues
Vomit, nausea, diarrhea
Iron deficiency anemia
Larval dermatitis (serpiginous tunnels)
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What causes cutaneous larval migrans?
Ancyclostoma & Necator
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What causes creeping eruption?
Ancyclostoma & Nector
30
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Laboratory diagnosis of hookworm
Wet mount
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Common name for Strongyloides stercoralis
Threadworm
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Infective stage of Strongyloides
Filariform larvae - penetration of skin
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Diagnostic stage of Strongyloides
Rhabiditiform larvae in feces
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What alternative body site can Strongyloides infects?
Lungs
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Symptoms of Strongyloides
Pulmonary issues
Vomit, nausea, diarrhea
Erythema
Can be fatal in IC patients
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Laboratory diagnosis of Strongyloides
Wet mount
Sputum or bronchial samples
Enterotest (string test)
Antibody detection
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How to acquire Trichinella spiralis?
Ingestion of undercooked meat (pork, bear, walrus)
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Infective stage of Trichinella
Encysted larva - ingestion
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Diagnostic stage of Trichinella
Encysted larva in tissues/muscles
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Symptoms of Trichinella
Intestinal issues
Fever, eosinophilia
Muscle pain
Eye edema
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Laboratory diagnosis of Trichinella
Muscle biopsy
Serology
42
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What can cause visceral and ocular larval migrans?
Toxocara cati/canis
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Infective stage of Toxocara
Eggs - ingestion
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Diagnostic stage of Toxocara
Larvae - biopsy
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How to acquire Toxocara?
Ingestion of eggs from cat/dog feces
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Symptoms of Toxocara
Generally not severe
Fatigue, weight loss
Ocular problem
Eosinophilia
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Laboratory diagnosis of Toxocara
Biopsy
Serology