Studied by 4 peopleWhat is the specimen of choice for nematode?
Stool
eggs (most common)
larva
rarely adults
Which larval stage is usually the infective stage for nematodes?
Filariform larvae
What two species are the hookworms?
Ancylostoma duodenale Necator americanus
How is the method of infection different for hookworms and Strongyloides compared to other nematodes?
Penetration of skin via filariform larvae
Besides the intestines, named two alternative body sites for infection and the parasite(s) associated with each.
Lungs
Ascaris lumbricodes
Hookworms
Strongyloides
Tissue
Trichinella spiralis
Common name for Enterobius vermicularis?
Pinworm
Infective stage of pinworm/E. vermicularis
Egg - ingestion (dirty hands, toys, bedding, etc.)
Diagnostic stage of pinworm/E. vermicularis
Eggs, larvae, adults in stool
What is pruritis and which parasite is it associated with?
Intense anal itching E. vermicularis
Laboratory diagnosis of E. vermicularis
Wet mount Scotch tape test
Common name for Trichuris trichiura
Whipworm
Infective stage of whipworm/T. trichiura
Eggs - ingestion
In heavy whipworm infection, what rectal symptoms might manifest?
Rectal prolapse
Laboratory diagnosis of T. trichiura?
Wet mount
Common name for Ascaris lumbricoides
Giant intestinal worm
Infective stage of A. lumbricoides
Eggs - ingestion
Diagnostic stage of A. lumbricoides
Eggs in feces Larvae in sputum
What alternative body site does A. lumbricoides infects?
Lungs
Symptoms of A. lumbricoides infection
Intestinal
usually asymptomatic unless the load is heave
Abdominal pain
Vomiting, nausea
Lungs
Pneumonia
Asthma
Eosinophilia
Laboratory diagnosis of A. lumbricoides
Wet mount Sputum
ELISA also available
Common name for Ancylostoma duodenale
Old World hookworm
Common name for Necator americanus
New World hookworm
Infective stage of hookworm
Filariform larvae - penetration of skin
Diagnostic stage of hookworm
Eggs in feces
What alternative body site can hookworm infects?
Lungs
How to differentiate btw. Ancylostoma and Necator?
Eggs are identical
Ancylostoma - teeth
Necator - cutting blades
Symptoms of hookworm
Pulmonary issues Vomit, nausea, diarrhea Iron deficiency anemia Larval dermatitis (serpiginous tunnels)
What causes cutaneous larval migrans?
Ancyclostoma & Necator
What causes creeping eruption?
Ancyclostoma & Nector
Laboratory diagnosis of hookworm
Wet mount
Common name for Strongyloides stercoralis
Threadworm
Infective stage of Strongyloides
Filariform larvae - penetration of skin
Diagnostic stage of Strongyloides
Rhabiditiform larvae in feces
What alternative body site can Strongyloides infects?
Lungs
Symptoms of Strongyloides
Pulmonary issues Vomit, nausea, diarrhea Erythema Can be fatal in IC patients
Laboratory diagnosis of Strongyloides
Wet mount Sputum or bronchial samples Enterotest (string test) Antibody detection
How to acquire Trichinella spiralis?
Ingestion of undercooked meat (pork, bear, walrus)
Infective stage of Trichinella
Encysted larva - ingestion
Diagnostic stage of Trichinella
Encysted larva in tissues/muscles
Symptoms of Trichinella
Intestinal issues Fever, eosinophilia Muscle pain Eye edema
Laboratory diagnosis of Trichinella
Muscle biopsy Serology
What can cause visceral and ocular larval migrans?
Toxocara cati/canis
Infective stage of Toxocara
Eggs - ingestion
Diagnostic stage of Toxocara
Larvae - biopsy
How to acquire Toxocara?
Ingestion of eggs from cat/dog feces
Symptoms of Toxocara
Generally not severe Fatigue, weight loss Ocular problem Eosinophilia
Laboratory diagnosis of Toxocara
Biopsy Serology
Note 
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