Module 1

CN I

• olfactory nerve

• sensory

• primary for conveying smell to the brain

CN XII

• hypoglossal nerve

• sensory + motor

• motor: all muscles of tongue

• sensory: proprioceptive info from tongue muscles

CN II

• optic nerve

• sensory

• visual sensation

CN VII

• facial nerve

• sensory + motor

• sensory: taste from anterior 2/3 of tongue

• motor: muscles of face + stapedius muscle (acoustic reflex)

• primary motor nerve of face

CN III

• oculomotor nerve

• motor

• commands eyes to move, connects to brainstem

CN V

• trigeminal nerve

• sensory + motor

• primary sensory nerve of the face

CN IV

• trochlear

• motor

• commands eyes to move, connects to brainstem

what are the sensory functions of CN V?

• carry signals of touch + position, pain, temp from face to brain

• PRIMARY sensory nerve of the face

what are the motor functions of CN V?

• muscles of mastication (chewing)

• muscles that lift the larynx up + forward for swallowing

• activates tensor veli palatine

• activates acoustic reflex in tensor tympani

CN VI

• abducens

• motor

• commands eyes to move, connects to brainstem

why do some people consider CN VI to be a mixed (motor+sensory) cranial nerve?

the visceral fibers in the iris will move due to the pupillary reflex

torso

trunk

head

caput

plane

flat/smooth surface

section

way body is cut

transverse/axial/cross sectional

cuts in upper + lower portions

coronal sectional

front + back portions

sagittal sectional

left + right portions

mid-sagittal sectional

evenly cut in half

para-sagittal sectional

unevenly cut in half

oblique sectional

any other directional cut

ventral

away from the stomach

dorsal

towards the stomach

rostral

towards the nose

caudal

towards the tail

cranial

towards the head

prone

lying on belly

supine

lying on back

flexion

angle of joint is decreased

extension

angle of joint is increased

adduction

towards midline

abduction

away from midline

medial rotation

rotation towards midline

lateral rotation

rotation away from midline

what is sound?

a mechanical energy wave that spreads through matter as a wave

sound vibrations are contagious, meaning…

sounds are ONLY caused by something vibrating or moving

area of high pressure

compression

area of low pressure

rarefraction

how do sound particles move?

air molecules in a “domino” effect

sound waves consist of alternating areas of ____ +____ pressure

1. high

2. low

sound waves travel (undisturbed) through a __________

medium

what are sound waves?

a traveling pressure fluctuation

frequency/pitch

how fast/frequent sound waves travel

higher amplitude means

louder volume

lower amplitude means

quieter volume

What are the 6 steps to speech production?

1.speech planning

2.motor planning

3.respiration

4.phonation

5.resonance

6.articulation

respiration

• breathing

• provides energy for sound

• aerodynamic process controlled by abdomen +thorax

• atmospheric pressure is different from internal body pressure

phonation

rapid closing + opening of VF

loudness

intensity of sound

quality

sound quality of voice

resonance

speech quality

vocal tract is a _______ (air-filled tube)

resonator

different shapes of the vocal tract cause

different resonances (ex. the tongue)

articulation

different configurations which make speech

a cell is made up of what 3 parts?

1. nucleus (center containing DNA +energy)

2. cell membrane (tissue surrounding nucleus

3. cytoplasm (70-85% water, 20% protein)

Which types of tissue are intracellular substances?

• connective

• muscular

• nervous

  *NOT epithelial!!!!

epithelial tissue

• lines surface of body, internal, and external cavities of the body

• rests on a basement membrane

• internal linings are covered w/ fluid film

• contains many different kinds of layers + shapes

What are the 3 type of epithelium?

1. proper

2. endothelial

3. mesothelial

proper epithelial tissue

• external skin

• internal membranes continuous w/ skin

• simple stratified epithelium

endothelial epithelial tissue

• inner walls of blood vessels

• separate from skin

• simple squamous epithelium

mesothelial epithelial tissue

• aka “serous membrane”

• covers inner cavities of body:

  • pleural

  • pericardial/abdominal

  • pericardial

• squamous epithelium

connective tissue

• binds structures

• supports body

• aids in body maintenance

• contains an extracellular matrix full of ground substance, cells, and fibers

connective tissue is classified by its different extracellular matrix by what 3 groups?

1. loose

2. dense

3. special

loose connective tissue

• found throughout body

• binds parts

• allows movement

what two types of loose connective sub-tissue are there?

• adipose

• areolar

adipose tissue

• lots of fat cells

• cytoplasm + nucleus at edges

areolar tissue

• irregular network of fibers

• forms “bed” for skin and mucous membranes throughout body

dense connective (dense fibrous tissue)

full of abundant closely packed fibers (that each contain their own purpose) as main element of intracellular matrix

what are the three fiber types of dense connective tissue?

1. collagenous

2. elastic

3. reticular

collagenous fibers

• binds tissue

• provides structure

elastic fibers

allows for elastic recoil

reticular fibers

binds + supports soft tissue (like adipose)

tendons

• non-elastic

• attach muscles to bones

• attach muscles to muscles

ligaments

• elastic tissue attaching

  • bones to bones

  • bones to cartilage

  • cartilage to cartilage

• stretchier and more elastic than tendons

fascia

3D web of soft fibrous tissue surrounding body + organs

reticular tissue

• a delicate matrix of cells which extend to join processes of neighboring cells

• supports lymphoid organs and holds together adipose tissue

special connective tissue

cartilage; rigid connective tissue that is not quite as rigid as bone

hyaline cartilage

• whitish hue

• short + dispersed collagen fibers

• lines bones in joints and inside bones for growth

• forms most of embryonic skeleton

• sorta strong + flexible

fibrous cartilage

• support +strength

• thick bundles of collagen

• tough, high tensile strength

• “shock absorber”

• found in some joints

elastic cartilage

• similar to hyaline but contains elastin

• helps keep tubes open

• more flexible than hyaline

dense/compact bones

white + homogenous in appearance and forms outer shell of most bones

spongy/cancellous bones

porous appearance that forms inside of bones

bones provide…

• structure

• protection

• movement

axial skeleton

bones along axis of body

appendicular skeleton

appendages

CN VIII

• vestibulocohclear nerve

• sensory

• hearing, vestibular feedback, balance

CN IX

• glossopharyngeal nerve

• sensory + motor

• sensory: general sensations from palate + pharynx, posterior 1/3 of tongue

• motor: pharyngeal constrictors

CN X

• vagus or “wandering” nerve

• sensory + motor

• sensory: visceral organs (heart, lungs, GI tract, etc.), larynx + pharynx

• motor: larynx, pharynx, velum

CN XI

• accessory nerve

• motor

• head + neck movement (trapezius + sternocleidomastoid)

• important for breathing

which cranial nerves are mixed?

• hypoglossal (XII)

• glossopharyngeal (IX)

• facial (VII)

• trigeminal (V)

which cranial nerves are motor only?

• accessory (XI)

• trochlear (IV)

• oculomotor (III)

• abducens (VI)

• which cranial nerves are sensory only?

• olfactory (I)

• optic (II)

• vestibulocochlear (VIII)

Old Oliver Ogg Traveled To Africa For Very Good Vacations And Holidays

Old = Olfactory

Oliver= Optic

Ogg = Oculomotor

Traveled = Trochlear

To = Trigeminal

Africa = Abducens

For = Facial

Very = Vestibulocochlear

Good = Glossopharyngeal

Vacations = Vagus

And = Accessory

Holidays = Hyoglossal

What are the only two nerves that connect to the brain?

1. olfactory (I)

2. optic (II)

neurons

long, specialized cells that serve to conduct info through electrochemical responses to changes in environment

glial cells

nonconducting cells that support, insulate, and protect neurons

excitability

capacity to transform chemical, mechanical, or thermal signals into electrical impulses

conductivity

capacity to transmit electrical impulses to other cells

dendrites

reacts to signals from outside the cell by transmitting signals to soma

soma

integrates signals from dendrites + generates action potentials