Geography 220 Midterm Study material

Canada and the United States have a __________relationship.

Were their ______ ______

Canada has ____ _______ people which is ___% of the US population at ____

• Symbiotic

• closest ally

• 35 million, 10, 350mill

Canadian economy is ___ % the size of the US economy

CANADA GDP is always ____% of US GDP (__ ___ in US, while its ____ in Canada)

Consistent like this since _____

There is something called the Federal Reserve of ___ _____ they have something called _____. This allows you to look up all kinds of economic dada, ______ creates charts and maps you can copy directly into papers presentations, and its free to use with automatic citations on the graphics.

• 10

• 10 , 55 trillion, 5.5 trillion

• 1950s

• saint louis, FRED, FRED

Trade data from US and Canada has been flat for a long time, but started to fluctuate… in the past ___ to _____ years

This is due to : 4 reasons

• 15-20 years

• COVID, war on terror, border tightening, general restructuring of both economies from manufacturing to service based industries

North America could be a ___ ___ system because of its size.

Resources such as : 7 resources

self sustaining

• fresh water

• timber

• precious/rare earth minerals

• construction materials

• oil

• coal

• open land for SOLAR AND WIND ENERGY

What did Prof use his Wife as an example in class for?

She works at SEDI Halifax, making fashion software

• Structured in Canada for tax reasons not because US are higher but because Canada allows faster business restructuring.

Here in the Northeast, we have a _______climate with pleasant summers and cold winters. Landforms here were created by two ancient plate collisions. One created the _____ ______ and the other created the_________ __________.

The ________ _______ are older. They were formed during the _______ _______ about _____-_______ million years ago. They are __________ stable.

• continental

• Rocky mtns

• Appalachian mtns.

• Appalachian mtns.

• Ordovician orogeny

• 600-750

• Tectonically

Oldest exposed rocks on the planet? How old? Where? How did they get there?

• Complex in southwest Virginia, on WHITE TOP MTN

• 8-10 of them 5600 ft elevation

• 4 BILLION YEARS OLD

• asteroid origin.

Who’s younger, Appalachians or rocky?

how many plate boundaries there are :

gold seams out west can go _____ ____ into a mtn. sometimes ____ or _____ deep

Rockies

debated

1 mile0.5 or ¾ mile

Between the appalachian and rocky mtns. there is one of the ____ _____ (another word for ______)

the main drainage is the ________ river

____ of the US is drained by this river

HERE our water drains into the ______ river and on to _____ _____

• great basins (watershed)

• Mississippi

• 1/3

• Connecticut, long island

Not terribly long ago—about ________ years ago—a giant ice sheet called the ________ ice sheet came down from Canada. Many different glaciers combined and pushed south. We see evidence here in the_______ _______ south of campus.

1,000 - 12,000

Laurentian

Holyoke range

Glaciers created thousands of lakes, including the ______Lakes, which were actually scooped out by these glaciers pulling back like giant plows. The ____ Lakes are inland seas with_____ water. They’re really neat ecosystems and contributed greatly to ________before the _____th century, connecting

_________hubs in the east to _____/____ deposits in the west.

great

great

fresh

transportation

20

manufacturing

mineral/ore

____ influences air movement. _____ ____ __ _______ is a source of moisture for the central lowlands .

On the Atlantic coast moisture comes from ______ _______ _________

Land

• The Gulf of Mexico

• the gulf stream

Nor eastern definition

more powerful than what

when are they most strong?

a mid-latitude cyclone—like a hurricane but different.

It’s more powerful than a typical tropical storm. In summer and early fall, they’re especially strong.

What is this called : The Great Basin west of the Mississippi Basin—also called the Great Plains Minnesota)—is dry, ______ and _____. We find

deserts, steppe, and grassland there, also called prairies. This dryness comes from the rain shadow of

the Rocky Mountains, though it still rains, mainly seasonally in spring to early summer. Snow in

winter melts early and contributes to crop moisture.

The great breadbasket of north america

(semi arid and arid)

Southwest and southern west coast have mild __________ climates

Mediterranean

The _____ climate map shows the various climatic regions of North America.

Atlanta, Pittsburgh, and Cleveland are in___________

________ zones. Boston and the South Shore are also in this zone. Climate scientists are considering moving Boston and the South Shore to the ________climate region because they’re actually warmer than the current classification matches.

Köppen

mid latitude temperate

oceanic

What two countries have the highest per capita greenhouse gas emissions in the world?

________ also is pretty high up there, they sell coal to East Asia, particularly _______.

• Canada and the US

• Australia

• China

the US is ____% Urban, same as Canada

most Canadians live along the ____ ________

Why does Canada and the US have such high emissions? (3)

75-80

US boarder

single family single story homes, high dependency on cars, industrial and agricultural production still reliant on fossil fuels

What is —a nonprofit consortium supplying electricity to

Eversource and National Grid. They don’t produce electricity; other companies do. _____organizes it and buys electricity from Quebec’s Hydro Quebec.

What 3 sources of GREEN energy does the US use

ISO New England

• solar

• wind

• hydroelectric

________has significant power in Canada. It’s a major oil producer and there’s even an ___________ _______ __________

Alberta

Albertan independence movement

______ oceans produce stronger hurricanes. No hurricanes this year because were in an ___ _______ right now. It creates a barrier to hurricanes forming off West Africa. We have seen fewer hurricanes over the past ___ years.

Warmer

el nino

25

Arid farming zones with low soil moisture become more dependent on ______. ______ draws from groundwater which doesn’t replenish quickly, over time you lose ______ _______ and ________ water, draining resources rapidly

irrigation

irrigation

water supply

irrigation

What do regional planners do (3)

Regional planners do everything from

zoning to disaster relief, disaster planning, and future education planning.

Natural disasters are economic _________. Because?

stimulants.

• Economies take off where they happen

• things must be rebuilt

• . Infrastructure returns,

• more planning goes into projects

• governmental investment and support.

What can climate change lead to increased health wise?

skin infections

What is the greenhouse effect

Greenhouse gasses, normal vs abnormal amounts and thier effect?

solar radiation comes in and warms the earth.

Land warms faster than water but also releases heat faster.\

Normal : Some greenhouse gases are always present, but not enough to stop reradiated heat from escaping back to space.

Abnormal : There’s more heat trapped in the atmosphere because reradiated heat doesn’t escape with more greenhouse gases, so heat stays and gets trapped, reheating the earth even at night.

What percent of the atmosphere is nitrogen?

What do greenhouse gasses cause environmentally? (2)

70

smog and acid rain

acid rain happens when pollutants _______ and __________. It can effect cars by

dissolve and precipitate

pitting the paint

Water wars between ________ and ______ (handled by _______ ________)

Colorado river used to flow to the ________ ocean, now muddy steep by the time it reaches _______.

Tennessee and Georgia

pacific

sea of cortez

________ _________ leads to sea level rise and coastal erosion.

Thermal expansion

Smog consists of : (3)

Most acid rain emissions are from the US but most falls in ______ because of ___

It can kill _____ and poison _______

• industrial emissions,

• car exhaust,

• water vapor and forms a yellow-brown haze over cities.

canada, wind patterns

plants, wildlife

____ ______ increasing habitat loss as land is being developed for low-density, single-family homes, shopping malls, office complexes, golf courses, and roads.

_________is a major driver of habitat loss.

Urban sprawl

agriculture

water depletion from _______ and ________ ________

water pollution especially problem in ______ ________

• ________ and _________ create dead zones

• _________ from ruban residential and industrial sites as well as farmland

• increased presence of ________ pollution, not removed through purification systems

agriculture and urban expansion

us rivers

fertilizers and pesticides

runoff

pharmaceutical

oil extraction impacts : (3)

Who has 2nd larges proven reserves in world oil

US relies on _____ to get natural gas and oil reserves, this produces : (3)

• oil spills

• pipelines burst impacting migration

• extraction oil from sands high environmental impact

CANADA

FRACKIG (producing higher GHG, air and water pollution and earthquakes)

During the 1800s, remaining indigenous people living in the east were (3)

were established for displaced peoples, often geographically different from their native lands.

killed,

absorbed into European society,

or relocated

RESERVATIONS

_________settlements relied on plantation agriculture and the labor of enslaved Africans.

Land was concentrated into the hands of ________ percent of the population, resulting in _______ economic growth.

Southern

12

SLOW

________settlements used European technology in early industries.

_______ ______________region became the economic core.

northern

mid-atlantic

The fertile soils of the _____ ______ created North America’s breadbasket.

From the 1840s onward, people were attracted west by ______land and the discovery of _______.

great plains

fertile, gold

Railway expansion moved manufactured goods ______and raw materials ______.

west, east

Canada and the United States have common economic systems.

• initial economic system?

• what developed?

• what were economies based in

– Farming was the initial economic system. – Industrial development followed. – Then service-based economies with technology sectors emerged.

_______ and ___________ contribute to the decline in manufacturing employment

______ ______ ________motivated corporations to move factories for cheaper labor. – First to southeastern United States – Then to Mexico, China, and other places

technology and automation

High production costs

The economic base of North America is ___ ________ _________

Access to Internet, which allows people to participate in this knowledge economy, remains highly uneven : this is called the ______ _________

the tertiary sector the tertiary sector

digital divide

The __ ____ ________ __________ __________ promotes increased trade among Canada, the United States, and Mexico.

The United States-MexicoCanada Agreement (USMCA)

____ ________ ________ __________ wiped out savings; millions of people in the U.S. lost their jobs, and several banks failed.

________ stronger regulations: Banks did not fail, but many ______ lost their jobs.

Many blamed the recession on____ ______, although poor regulation of the ______ ________ was a central cause.

the 2008 great recession

Canadas, Canadians

free trade, financial industry

Humans account for % of all caused fires, but ___% of all forestlands burned in 2023

Nature = _____

20, 50

lightning

Canada’s wealth of oil has helped ______the U.S.’s dependence on oil from the _______ ______

reduce, Persian gulf

Internationally, Canada supports ______ society while the US maintains their _____, _____ ______ superpower

the US gov has _______ its powers while canadas gov becomes _______

civil, military, political, economic

expanded, weaker

Canada and the US are both former _______ colonies

they both have similar ______ political traditions, and representative _______

share a ____ mile border

where do their landscapes become similar?

British, democratic, democracies

4200

in urban structure

what percent of Canadians are happy

_____ is the worlds largest importer of illegal drugs at $400 billion per year (2.6 percent of economy)

gov responses to illegal drugs vary

67

US

Male or female voters outnumber in both countries (US and Canada)?

which is more successful in politics?

LGBTQ ppl hold _____percent of congressional or parliamentary seats although they account for over ____ percent of the pop

FEMALE

MALE

less than 2 , 4.5

___ percent of North Americans live in metropolitan areas

post WWII era saw growth of _____ which depends on _____

• ppl want what kind of homes to do what

• decline funding for what

80

suburbs, cars

single family to have families

public transport

what’s it called when suburbs spread and cities expand and combine into single urban mass

what diminishes fringe farmland

conurbation

urban sprawl

what caused more affordability of automobiles and development of interstate highway system

growth of suburbs after ww2

current trends in urbanization : work to overcome costs of _____ _____

• diminishes reliance on )______

• ________ used by banks to determine areas that will or will not receive housing loans

• ________ occurs when affluent usually white ppl invest money into old inner city neighborhoods to the point that older residents can no longer afford to live there

urban sprawl

• automobiles

• redlining

• gentrification

____ - ______ percent of the population of Canada and us live in urban areas

65-82

north America is in the late stages of ________ transition

in 1800 fertility rate was ___ , then by 1920s avg of ___ after women entered workforce

after WWII fertility rates ___ after women gained access to ____ ____

since 1970s, fertility rate has ______

north America is in the late stages of DEMOGRAPHIC transition

in 1800 fertility rate was SEVEN, then by 1920s avg of THREE after women entered workforce

after WWII fertility rates FELL after women gained access to BIRTH CNTRL

since 1970s, fertility rate has BEEN FLAT

North american population is _____

this means :

• fertility rates ______