Lesson 2 - Artificial Selection & Population Genetics
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5 Terms
Selective Breeding
Defined as artificial selection
-HUMANS decide what’s best, which allele is beneficial for the population and make sure it passes on to next generation by choosing specific parents to mate based on desired traits, leading to the enhancement of those traits in future generations.
Convergent Evolution
is the process by which unrelated organisms independently evolve similar traits as a result of adapting to similar environments or ecological niches.
-NOT BECOMING ONE SPECIES.
-2 species must face same selective pressure within the same environment.
Genetic Drift
A random mechanism of microevolution that alters allelic frequencies within a population.
method 1 - Founder Effect: when a few individuals are seperated from a population and establish a new population, leading to reduced genetic variation.
Method 2 - Bottleneck: a sharp reduction in population size due to environmental events or human activities, resulting in a loss of genetic diversity, individuals that survives will have an allelic frequency very different from the original population.
Effects of genetic drift
1) when original population is small, genetic drift has a much greater impact (even less genetic variety)
2) Genetic drift is unpredictable - allelic frequencies change at random *natural selection is predicable based on environment
3) Causes a loss of genetic variation within a population
4) Can cause harmful alleles to become fixed * can lead to reduced adaptability of populations.
Gene Flow
“allele” flow : transfer of alleles into or out of a population due to the movement of fertile individuals or their gametes → tends to INCREASE diversity in a population by introducing new genetic material. (eg, single bird from pop #1 with genotype aa flies out to another place to mate with population #2 with only genotype AA)
*populations of the same species can have different genetic frequency and alleles → based on different environment conditions and DOES not mate with eachother.