LARC 34103-001 - HISTORY LANDSCAPE ARCH I_Unit 3

17th Century: Baroque Italy, Baroque France, Baroque England and Netherlands, Colonial Americas, Safavid Iran, Mughal India, Early Modern Japan,

Baroque

• Not a clean transition from the previous movement, continuation of all things renaissance

style of art and architecture developed in Europe from the early 17th to mid-18th century, emphasizing dramatic effect and typified by bold, curving forms, elaborate ornamentation, and overall balance of disparate parts

The redesign of Rome according to the plan of Pope Sixtus V, 1585

• Counter reformation, catholic church trying to reestablish itself as a place of power = make Rome an important destination.

• Pope creates strategy for new wide avenues, cutting through the preexisting organic fabric. These new avenues connect main spaces.

• Where the avenues connect is the location of new grand piazzas.

• Reestablish aqueducts, bringing water into city, fountains in the piazzas

Use of Obelisks in the redesign of Rome

• Taking ancient Egyptian religious monument, turning it into a Christian/catholic monument by topping them with crosses.

• These obelisks would be placed in the in the new design piazzas.

Piazza di San Pietro, Vatican City (Rome) – 1585, 1656 (Bernini)

• “The Maternal arms of Mother Church”- Bernini = large, monumental space that is supposed to make you feel small = arms welcoming in Pilgrams

• obelisk topped with symbol of the catholic church

• Different saints around the colonnade, in similar style to classical.

Piazza del Popolo, Rome – 1589, 1667, 1936

• Curving forms that are signature of the baroque, later additions in spirit of the baroque.

• Obelisk in center

• choice of three avenues that cut through the cities = as these forms go out, they lead to important pilgrimage churches

• Two churches at the goose foot.

trivio

three radiating avenues, adapted by France and called the patte d’oie, or goose foot

• This can be seen in Piazza del Popolo, Rome

Piazza Navona, Rome – 16^th & 17^th c.

• Used to be a stadium, the layout of this is still visible in the piazza

• divided through the center obelisk and the fountains at the ends. Much more human scale.

• Comparison with Chinese imperial cities ideals

Piazza Navona, Rome – 16^th & 17^th c. Fountains

• Obelisk: - divine right of the catholic church and the power of God. (triumph of the Catholic church).

• Fountain of the Four Rivers (representing the Four continents known during the renaissance, one river per continent - Connected to obelisk. Earthly realm, with the obelisk above representing heavenly power.

• Fountain of Neptune

Spanish Steps Rome - 1723

• Urn shaped steps - celebratory piazza

• A Piazza, but is different because it is all about theatre, urban life as the play

Trevi Fountain, Rome – 1732 - 1760

• Celebration of the Pope bringing water back into the city

• An architectural grotto with classical themes, used in a baroque way

• Stadium seating, the fountain being the theatre

Frascati, Italy

• Mountain villas

• Close distance to Rome, easy to get there. Becomes a popular place for villas.

Villa Aldobrandini, Frascati

• This is the villa to reference on an EXAM, fulfills the most baroque villa design.

• Cardinal Aldobrandini builds this villa to promote himself

• Narrow design: for views out, to be seen

• Court and casino, most of the garden is behind the casino.

• Nymphean on the back side of the casino

• Trivio leading up to the estate:

• Axis that organizes house and gardens

• Grottos, terminal one and one at the top

• Symbolism is continued throughout

pleached allée:

common European method of pruning trees as a smooth-planed hedge.

Villa Aldobrandini, Frascati: The Nymphean

• Nymphean entertainment qualities, opening to the public - The theatre is the architectural nymphean

• Nymphean is filled with classical themed statuary - double story

• Statue of Hercules and Atlas at the Nymphean: (water pouring out of the top, light and knowledge of God) Glory of God, accomplishments of the church, God, and himself. Good vs Evil told through sculptures at the base, lion and boar.

• Atlas = God, Hercules = the Cardinal, Water = the light of God

• The king decides to stay catholic, thus France = Catholic, Nymphean celebration and teaching through allegory.

• Five Niches, with classical statues in them

Pillars of Hercules & Water Cascade, Villa Aldobrandini, Frascati

• Above the Nymphean, connected through stairs and water cascade

• Symbolism: extension of the church beyond the known world, reaching the new world. Vastness of the church

• Through Catholic with the Spanish, spreading religion to the new world

• Views back to the Casino

• There would be water pouring from the top - Leading to the Nymphean

Top Gotto, Villa Aldobrandini, Frascati

• Represents the Natural World

• Mini masks scattered throughout.

Baroque Villa, how is it different from Mannerist?

• Essentially many shared main features, not big distinctions

• Only in Baroque = use of Trivio

• Baroque a little more decorative

Villa Gamberaia, Settignano – 1610, 1725

• No overall axis that controls the overall axis, but there are still many axes throughout. Like Villa Medici, no overarching axis / symmetry

• From Casino is a parterre: View the parterre from above within the casino

• Views out over the agricultural hillside

• At the end of the Axis = Nympheaum

limonaia:

lemon garden, popular feature in Italian gardens for fragrance and fruit crop. In Villa Gamberaia, Settignano – 1610, 1725

Cabinet di Roccaglia, Villa Gamberaia, Settignano – 1610, 1725

• Outdoor room (open air drawing room)

• Aquatic themes through shell

Boboli Gardens at Pitti Palace, Florence – 1549, 1618, 18^th c.

• The main Medici Villa, principal showcase of their accomplishments

• These gardens are a celebration of their wealth

• Site of a former quarry, shaped into this particular form for garden: potentially a hippodrome shape, node to letters talking about ancient roman shapes

• Central axis, with water scattered throughout.

• Side azis

• Bottom of hill has circular fountain, Symbolism of the World / Ocean

Isola Bella, Lake Maggiore – 1630-1670

• Renaissance / Baroque

• Terraced, symbolism, decorative/ornate = Baroque

• Uses tricks to make you think that the palace is around axis, stairs that lead you up and make you forget you are on a dog way.

• Another Medici Villa (wealth and power)

parterre de broderie

Elaborate embroidery-like ground-plane garden, developed and popularized by France in the early 17^th century (normal parterre but much more flowery)

France, Civic Space Design – Early 17^th Century

• Two Important Civic Space types

Henry IV, 1553-1610, Becomes King of France in 1589

• Back and forth between protestant and catholic: important due to the rest of Europe in-between too

• Ends up being catholic = State religion of France becomes catholic

• Marie de Medici, 1575-1642, Marries Henry IV in 1600

Place Royale (now Place des Vosges)

• Paris – 1605-1612 – Paris’s first planned large open space

• Open City block that is surrounded by townhomes. Open space for common public use

• Too popular: wealthy investors liked it enough to where they stayed, removing lower classes

• One of the earliest urban greenspaces, early precedent to what becomes parks.

Pont Neuf & Place Dauphine, Paris – 1607, 1609

• Paris’s second planned ‘square’

• Plans it better to which to wealthy investors cannot buy it all up, more open to general public

• Bridge named “New Bridge” connects the park to the other land masses

Cours la Reine (Course of the Queen), Paris, 1616

• –popularized the ‘promenade’ as both a form and a social activity

• After king assassinated, queen designs promenade but for only the wealthy elite.

Jardin de Tuileries, Paris – 1564

Designed by Philibert de l’Orme for Catherine de Medici

• Clay river tiles

• Castle that sat outside of the wall, a defensive feature.

• Expansion: New palace with garden

• Garden with shade trees

Vaux le Vicomte, For Foquet by Le Notre – 1656-1661 Overview

• Chateau

• Very traditional but designed to serve as a palace.

• It is not very different from what is happening in the Italian Baroque

• Axial, everything is designed around a main axis. Axis does not look like it stops, extends to the horizon

• Natural world vs unchanging paradise

• Terraced, with minimal slope = gradual terrace.

• Parterres located closer to the house to be able to view it from above. Most elaborated parterres are closer to the house

• Flat reflecting water (Not water fountains) = Little elevation makes it not as easy to have as many fountains.

• Has nymphean

• Idea of surprise

• The Garden is behind the house.

• The House sits at the highest point of the site, with views out of over the whole site.

Vaux le Vicomte, For Foquet by Le Notre – 1656-1661 Grand Cascades

• Moment of surprise - Loud Roaring sound

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Vaux le Vicomte, For Foquet by Le Notre – 1656-1661 Hercules

• Looking back to the house

• Hercules actually very large scale but looks small from the house.

Characteristics of the French Formal Garden Style

• Geometric plan: subtle changes in topo. Element of surprise

• Terrace overlooking the garden, allowing the visitor to see all at once the entire garden

• All vegetation is constrained and directed, Mastery over nature

• residence serves as the central point of the garden

• No trees are planted close to the house

• Central Axis, or perspective, perpendicular to the facade of the house, on the opposite the front entrance. Axis extends to the horizon

• Most elaborate parterres are closed to the house, to be seen from the house

• Bodies of water serves as mirrors

• The garden is animated with pieces of sculpture, usually on mythological themes, and by moving water in the form of cascades and fountains, which either underline or punctuate the perspective and mark the intersections of the axes. Classical connection through symbolism

Control Over Nature in Baroque France

Back to the story of garden of Eden, paradise and wild

architectonic

having qualities that are characteristic of architecture (i.e. the French garden as architecture)

palisade

a tall, clipped, space defining hedge

Versailles, for King Louis XIV by Le Notre – c. 1661-1680s Overview

• Baroque: Radiating axis

• Moved this to be the Capital - making people move there (similar to Hadrian’s Villa)

• East to west axis- Sun rising and setting → the world revolving around the king

• No Longer Human Scale

• Water Parterres

• King Luis XIV symbolism: he is the Sun king (Apollo)

Versailles, for King Louis XIV by Le Notre – c. 1661-1680s Fountain of Latona

• Latona = Mother of Apollo

• Massive water fountains → difficult to get water pressure to turn on the fountains, never able to run them all the time only when the king walked through.

• Continues the Story of apollo

• Story: they were denied food and water, the Zeus turned others into frogs → Kings life, don’t mess with the king

Versailles, for King Louis XIV by Le Notre – c. 1661-1680s Grand Canal

• Big canal, man-made.

• Mock ship battles on it, sense of theatre

Versailles, for King Louis XIV by Le Notre – c. 1661-1680s Basin of Neptune

• Bottom of a slope

• Stadium seating

• Idea of theatre → entire side of the garden is about theatre

bosquet

a formal grove of trees with a geometric arrangement walks and an outdoor room(s) used for various entertainments – often featured fountains and an allegorical theme.

• Each clearing has different functions

• Almost all of them have water feature, and classical statues

• Some have allegorical meanings

Versailles, for King Louis XIV by Le Notre – c. 1661-1680s Enceladus Grove

• Titan Being buried alive: message is do not challenge the king

Grand Trianon, Versailles – 1672, 1688

• Miniature Versailles, more human scale “Versailles away from Versailles”

• Retreat for the king, away from the main palace

Chateaux de Chantilly, Chantilly, France – c. 1670 by Le Notre for  Le Grand Condé

• Redesigned from a pre-existing building

• Palace does not sit on axis, but the view from axis leads to it.

• Equestrian Statue of Montmorency, sits on axis in place of the palace

• Suprises: Down slope is grotto, view back from grotto the house appears to be on ground instead of pedestal

• View from top looking back can see a sense of theatre.

• Axis extends to horizon

Jardin des Tuileries, garden redesign and extension of the Grand Cours promenade by Andre Le Notre – 1666-1672

• broke main wall to allow axis to extend to horizon

• Incorporating French formal style

Hatfield House, Hertfordshire – 1611

• Refinement of the English Garden

• More renaissance than baroque: parterres, maze, on axis (garden rooms all have a relationship with the house),

Wilton House, 1632 – Isaac de Caus and possibly Andre Mollet (gardens) Inigo Jones (house)

• Most refined English renaissance garden

Hampton Court, 1660 + for Charles II, 1689 + for William & Mary, by Wren, Mollet, Marot, Rose, London, Wise, & others

• Charles the Second bringing back baroque styles from France

• Axial approach, bilateral symmetry

• Parterres and water fountains

• More ornate

• large canal

Gardens in the Netherlands: Italian renaissance early 17th cen

• Netherlands already had strong agricultural traditions, flowers and gardening (tulips)

• Italian style layouts (pergola and statues), but with the incorporation of plants like tulips

Paleis Het Loo (the Woods Palace) Apeldoorn, Netherlands – 1686, Daniel Marot (from France) for William and Mary (future King & Queen of England)

• Late 17^th c. Dutch gardens: combination of earlier traditions with French Formal Style

espalier

European practice of training fruit trees in a flat plane against a wall or fence

European Colonization of the Americas

• begins with the Spanish backed expedition led by Italian Christopher Columbus in 1492 and the first permanent Spanish settlement established on the mainland in 1519 (Veracruz, Mexico)

• European powers coming over to the “New World” and taking overland, fluid boundaries.

Spanish Colonization: St. Augustine, Florida

• 1565 – first permanent settlement in what is now the United States

• Spanish was seeking gold

• Defensive, military installation. Protecting the harbor

Laws of the Indies

• A very systematic and uniform set of rules prescribing urban development and governance, codified by Spain in 1573 – laws addressed three main types of settlement, depending on the focus (conquest, conversion, or occupation)

• Set of planning codes that are coming out, which means there will be a consistency to what the Spanish developments look like

Laws of the Indies Rules: Presidio

military fort – protect from hostile invasion while establishing contact with friendlier tribes – usually became the home of the governor

• Control to be able to get more money

Laws of the Indies Rules: Mission

focus on converting natives to Catholicism and “civilize” them, or educate them in ways of Spanish culture – typically of Franciscan or Jesuit order

• Religious conquest

• brings religious leaders over trying to convert natives.

• Texas missions – fortified plaza several acres in size, surrounded by low wall, against which were the houses of the converted natives – central space used for variety of purposes

• Defensive structures

Laws of the Indies Rules: Villa

civilian village – established for Spanish colonists

• People who are moving to the “New World” to start a new life.

• Rules to what that looks like

Santa Fe, New Mexico, 1608

• Layout based on a roman castrum: laws of the indies gave guidelines based on the castrum style.

New Amsterdam (Dutch) – New York (British), 1664

British Colonization: Jamestown, Virginia

1607 (first British permanent settlement – Virginia Company of London)

• originally sought out gold, ended up finding profit in agriculture (tobacco)

• agriculture crop was labor intensive → used slaves

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Plymouth, Massachusetts, 1620 (second British permanent settlement)

• Able to practice their own religion

• England does not have any set guidelines of what the town should look like.

• people are settling in groups

Boston, Massachusetts, 1630 (organic)

• Housing tightly grouped together, set aside common land on the outside for shared agriculture

Salem, Massachusetts, 1626 (organic linear)

• common land

• organic

• more linear because it is built around a river

Deerfield, Massachusetts, 1670 and 1996

• Long thin lots allowed houses close to one another and a variety of soils that were often collectively worked

New Haven, Connecticut, 1638

• gridded town

• All three forms generally had a central town green and community meeting house, along with common farmland outside of the village

Bristol, Vermont, 1762 (planned grid)

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. William Penn – 1683

• designed from England

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Savannah, Georgia, James Oglethorpe – 1732

• In debtors’ prison

• This community to provide a second chance, family to be able to move there

• Coming there they were able to gain a small lot

Williamsburg, Virginia, Governor Francis Nicholson, 1699,

• when Virginia's capital is relocated from Jamestown

• Based on 3 anchors: college, major street with economy, end of street capital, governess palace

Chahar Bagh Avenue

• Chahar Bagh Avenue is a large-scale khiyaban flanked by shade trees and flowering shrubs, creating a public urban garden

• This is NOT a four-square garden, it IS a street with garden qualities

• Open for the public for a fee

khiyaban

a straight path in a garden or city with a channel of water running down the center.

Maidan-e Shah, (now Naqsh-e Jahan Square)

• Principle open space

• Used for economy/market

• Principle mosque there, religion

• Function for where the king is, overlooking the rest of the city.

• Merging politics, economy and religion in one space

• Space is used to symbolize power

maidan definition

planned public square used for polo and archery (principal signs of kingship), and the three institutions of royal power: political/civic (palace), religious (mosque), and economic (bazaar).

Ali Qapu definition

Six-story palace and covered porch

• Architectonic geometric garden

Chehel Sotoon, (40 columns – 20 actual, 20 reflected)

Geometric

• reflection

• flowering trees and meadows

Bagh-e Fin, Kashan – c. 1590

• Four square garden

• Palace at the center of the garden

• at very center of palace, water

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qanat

manmade under-ground canal marked by a line of air vents

Shalamar Bagh

• “Abode of love”

• Plan sequence: Zenana (harem) Garden → Emperor’s Garden → Public Garden

• Gently sloping, water features.

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chabutra term

a raised stone square sitting platform

chini khana

a small niche in a waterfall in which flowers or oil lamps could be placed

Kaiyushiki Teien Meaning

• Stroll Gardens: a type of chisen teien (pond-and-island style garden) that places an emphasis on strolling on a prescribed route, designed to create a sequence of views and experiences

Koraku-en, Okayama – 1687-1700, opened to the public in 1884

• Agriculture covered a large area. Tea plantation and orchards

• castle plays a role in the garden

• water represents the largest lake in Japan

• Intentional hide and reveal throughout the garden, dramatic succession and borrowed scenery (Extending scenery from beyond the garden)

• Tea houses throughout the garden

Kenroku-en (Garden of the Six Qualities), Kanazawa – 1676-1837

• The name is derived from the Song-dynasty classic Rakuyo Meienki, which listed six desirable garden characteristics: spaciousness, seclusion, air of antiquity, ingenuity, flowing water, and scenic views.

• Introduction to the first western fountain in a Japanese garden

Katsura Rikyu (Katsura Imperial Villa), Kyoto – Edo period, 1620 - 1662

• Not a typical stroll garden, don’t use as an example of a stroll garden: does not belong to a daimyo, a member of the imperial family

• Allowed estate to be used for the emperor and shogun to meet there

• Basically, a very large tea garden spread out amongst many lakes

• main gate leads straight to rustic path, round corner to waiting pavillion

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Nishat Bagh, Srinagar - 1620

• Terraces, paths show the water

• Center axis

• Sloped ramps, sounds of water

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Humayun’s Tomb, Delhi, India – 1572

• Four Square Garden

• Sacred symbolism, relating to garden of Eden → idea of paradise

Taj Mahal, Agra, India – 1648

• Central pool that is raised

• Built for a queen

• divided into four, then divided into four again

• Right by the river, river bisects the garden from the palace

  

  
  

Daimyo-ruled states of the warring states

• Shogun ruler forcing the violence between states to stop

• Still an emperor, but the Shogun rules the country using the emperor as a figure head

• Prevented travel to and from Japan, prevented them from being colonized

Ninomaru Palace Garden

• The Tokugawa shogunate ruled from Edo but the emperor remained in Kyoto. Ninomaru Palace served as the Kyoto residence for visiting shoguns

• The shogun would need to meet with the emperor, this as a place to stay when he came.

• Large sprawling palace

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Warrior Gardens Summary

• Small scenic gardens of the late Muromachi, Momoyama, and early Edo periods belonging to the warrior elite

• Associated with Shoin-zukuri architecture

• Often chisen teien in form (pond, small hills, rocks, islands suggesting Daoist and Buddhist themes, etc), but could be combined with kare sansui teien – some also included tea houses, which were becoming increasingly popular

• As with the small scenic temple gardens of the same era, gardens were primarily meant to be observed from the Shoin (as inspired by landscape paintings) rather than entered (although some gardens reintroduced paths and bridges)

• Gardens were a display of wealth and power featuring many large, expensive rocks (often confiscated from others) and rare, exotic plants

• Noted for ostentatious extravagance and complexity, despite their small size

cha no yu:

Tea ceremony - originated in china but developed into a japanese ritual of social etiquette with political implications beginning with Murata Juko

Roji

the “dewy path” in a tea garden, leads the visitor from the entry gate

sabi

aesthetic with Buddhist underpinnings describing the patina of age, mellowness produced by weathered stone, mosses, and lichens

wabi

aesthetic with Buddhist underpinnings describing refined austerity, the pleasurable simplicity of poverty

Eremitism

• the state of a hermit; a living in seclusion from social life. In China, reasons for the scholarly elite (and at times members of the nobility) to withdraw from society and escape to the mountains included:

  •Retain moral integrity (and potentially preserve their lives) in times of upheaval

  •Interest in a leisurely and solitary life, free from material pursuits, regarding them as dust

  •Daoist, Confucian, or Buddhist convictions - “A gentleman should serve his country when there is truth in the world, but he should withdraw when there is none” – Confucius

• idea that coming into the garden, they pretend to live like hermits, not actually going out to the mountains in this scenario

Tea Garden Summary

• The tea ceremony evolved into an important Japanese ritual of social etiquette with political implications, with detailed rules of behavior and aesthetics established by tea masters

• Tea gardens were developed to enhance the overall tea ceremony experience, with particular emphasis on preparing guests mentally and physically prior to entering the tea house

• Aesthetic principles of wabi and sabi were inspired by eremitism and evoked simplicity, age, and poverty, but in reality objects and elements associated with the tea ceremony could achieve extraordinary values that were highly coveted

• The meandering roji was the most important element of the tea garden, with steppingstones that forced mindfulness but also provided changing views

• Tea gardens were typically small, simple (without ponds or rock collections), and often divided into two parts (outer and inner), but they could be incorporated into larger gardens

• Typical built elements included fences, gates, paths, waiting pavilion, privy, water basin, dust pit, well, stone lantern, and the tea house

• Simple, naturalistic plantings combined with built elements to create the feeling of a retreat deep in the mountains

Urakuen

• very simple

• 2 room tea houses

• whole garden as extension of the tea house