Neoplasia Tumor Markers, Carcinogens, and Sarcomas

Vocabulary flashcards covering tumor markers, cell-free DNA markers, chemical carcinogens, field cancerization, and sarcoma translocations.

AFP (Alpha-Fetoprotein)

Tumor marker associated with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), hepatoblastoma, endodermal sinus (yolk sac) tumor, mixed germ cell tumor (GLT), ataxia-telangiectasia (ATM on chromosome 11), neural tube defects (NTD), and abdominal wall defects.

CA-125

Tumor marker associated with ovarian serous cystadenocarcinoma.

CA 15-3 and CA 27-9

Tumor markers associated with breast cancer.

CA 19-9

Tumor marker associated with pancreatic carcinoma and mucinous ovarian carcinoma.

CA 72-4

Tumor marker associated with stomach cancer.

CK7- CK20+

Cytokeratin staining pattern indicative of colon carcinoma and Merkel cell carcinoma.

CK7+ CK20+

Cytokeratin staining pattern indicative of bladder carcinoma and stomach carcinoma.

Serum EGFR

Cell-free DNA marker in serum associated with lung cancer.

TP53, APC, and RAS in Stool and Serum

Cell-free DNA markers associated with colon cancer.

TP53 and RAS in Stool and Serum

Cell-free DNA markers associated with pancreatic cancer.

TP53 and RAS in Sputum and Serum

Cell-free DNA markers associated with lung cancer.

TP53 in Urine

Cell-free DNA marker associated with bladder cancer.

Aflatoxin

Chemical carcinogen associated with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).

Arsenic

Chemical carcinogen associated with lung cancer, skin cancer, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).

Vinyl Chloride

Chemical carcinogen (along with Thorotrast) associated with hepatic angiosarcoma.

Benzidine (Aromatic Dyes)

Chemical carcinogen associated with urinary bladder carcinoma.

Benzene

Chemical carcinogen associated with acute myeloid leukemia (AML).

Field Cancerization

Pathologic concept observed in head and neck, skin, and bladder cancers; defined as synchronous within $6\text{ months}$ or metachronous after $> 6\text{ months}$.

Sarcoma Botryoides (Embryonal Rhabdomyosarcoma)

Soft tissue tumor presenting gross grape-like masses ("grapes") and characteristic histology showing "tadpole cells".

Ewing Sarcoma

Soft tissue sarcoma characterized by the EWSR1-FLI1 translocation gene and $t(11;22)$ chromosome translocation.

Desmoplastic Small Round Cell Tumor

Soft tissue tumor characterized by the EWSR1-WT1 translocation gene and $t(11;22)$ chromosome translocation.

Synovial Sarcoma

Soft tissue sarcoma characterized by the SYT-SSX1 translocation gene and $t(X;18)$ chromosome translocation.

Alveolar Rhabdomyosarcoma

Soft tissue sarcoma characterized by the PAX3-FOXO1 translocation gene and $t(2;13)$ chromosome translocation.

Clear Cell Sarcoma

Soft tissue sarcoma characterized by the EWSR1-ATF1 translocation gene and $t(12;22)$ chromosome translocation.