[MICROPARA LEC FINALS] TO1 PT.2

Prokaryotes

What are the organisms characterized by a circular chromosome not enclosed in a membrane, no histones, no membrane-bound organelles, and binary fission?

Proteobacteria

Which major bacterial phylum is Gram-negative and named after the Greek god Proteus because of its ability to assume many shapes?

Alpha Proteobacteria

Which Proteobacteria class includes Bartonella, Brucella, Ehrlichia, Rickettsia, Wolbachia, Caulobacter, Agrobacterium, Nitrobacter, Rhizobium, and Acetobacter?

Bartonella

Which alpha-proteobacterium is a Gram-negative bacillus and includes B. henselae, the cause of cat-scratch disease?

Brucella

Which alpha-proteobacterium consists of nonmotile coccobacilli and causes brucellosis?

Ehrlichia

Which alpha-proteobacterium is an obligate intracellular parasite transmitted by ticks and causes ehrlichiosis?

Rickettsia

Which alpha-proteobacterial genus consists of obligate intracellular, arthropod-borne parasites associated with spotted fevers and typhus?

Rickettsia prowazekii

Which organism causes epidemic typhus?

Rickettsia typhi

Which organism causes endemic murine typhus?

Rickettsia rickettsii

Which organism causes Rocky Mountain spotted fever?

Wolbachia

Which alpha-proteobacterium lives in insects and other animals and can interfere with reproduction and egg development?

Endosymbiosis

What relationship allows Wolbachia to live inside insects and other animals?

Prosthecae

What structures are present in certain alpha-proteobacteria and appear as stalks or extensions from the bacterial cell?

Caulobacter

Which alpha-proteobacterium forms stalked cells and is found in lakes?

Hyphomicrobium

Which alpha-proteobacterium forms budding cells and is found in lakes?

Agrobacterium

Which alpha-proteobacterium is a plant pathogen that inserts a plasmid into plant cells and induces tumors?

Nitrogen fixation

What process allows certain alpha-proteobacteria such as Rhizobium and Azospirillum to convert atmospheric nitrogen into a usable form?

Rhizobium

Which alpha-proteobacterium fixes nitrogen in the roots of plants?

Azospirillum

Which nitrogen-fixing alpha-proteobacterium grows in soil using nutrients excreted by plants?

Acetobacter

Which alpha-proteobacterium produces acetic acid from ethyl alcohol?

Gluconobacter

Which alpha-proteobacterium produces acetic acid from ethyl alcohol alongside Acetobacter?

Beta Proteobacteria

Which Proteobacteria class includes Thiobacillus, Sphaerotilus, Neisseria, Spirillum, Bordetella, Burkholderia, and Zoogloea?

Thiobacillus

Which beta-proteobacterium is chemoautotrophic and oxidizes sulfur?

Sulfur oxidation

What metabolic process is represented by H₂S → SO₄²⁻ in Thiobacillus?

Sphaerotilus

Which beta-proteobacterium is chemoheterotrophic and forms sheaths?

Neisseria

Which beta-proteobacterium is chemoheterotrophic and coccoid?

Neisseria meningitidis

Which Neisseria species is associated with meningitis?

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Which Neisseria species causes gonorrhea?

Spirillum

Which beta-proteobacterium is chemoheterotrophic and helical?

Bordetella

Which beta-proteobacterium is a chemoheterotrophic rod and includes B. pertussis?

Bordetella pertussis

Which organism is associated with pertussis?

Burkholderia

Which beta-proteobacterial genus is associated with nosocomial infections?

Zoogloea

Which beta-proteobacterium forms slimy masses in aerobic sewage-treatment processes?

Gamma Proteobacteria

Which Proteobacteria class includes Pseudomonadales, Legionellales, Vibrionales, Enterobacteriales, Pasteurellales, and Francisella?

Pseudomonas

Which gamma-proteobacterium is an opportunistic pathogen with metabolic diversity and polar flagella?

Pseudomonadales

Which gamma-proteobacterial order contains Pseudomonas, Azotobacter, Azomonas, and Moraxella?

Azotobacter and azomonas

Which gamma-proteobacterium is associated with nitrogen fixation?

Moraxella

Which gamma-proteobacterium is associated with conjunctivitis?

Legionella

Which gamma-proteobacterium is found in streams, warm-water pipes, and cooling towers?

Legionella pneumophila

Which organism is associated with Legionella infections and is found in warm-water environments such as cooling towers?

Coxiella

Which gamma-proteobacterium causes Q fever?

Q fever

Which disease caused by Coxiella can be transmitted through aerosols or milk?

Vibrionales

Which gamma-proteobacterial order contains organisms commonly found in coastal water?

Vibrio cholerae

Which organism causes cholera?

Vibrio parahaemolyticus

Which organism causes gastroenteritis and is associated with coastal water?

Enterobacteriales

Which gamma-proteobacterial order contains Enterobacter, Erwinia, Escherichia, Klebsiella, Proteus, Salmonella, Serratia, Shigella, and Yersinia?

Enterics

What common term refers to the Enterobacteriales?

Peritrichous flagella

What type of flagellar arrangement is associated with the enterics in the PDF?

Facultatively anaerobic

What metabolic characteristic describes the Enterobacteriales in the PDF?

Pasteurellales

Which gamma-proteobacterial order includes Pasteurella and Haemophilus?

Pasteurella

Which gamma-proteobacterial genus can cause pneumonia and septicemia?

Haemophilus

Which gamma-proteobacterial genus requires X and V factors for growth?

X factor

What required growth factor of Haemophilus corresponds to heme?

V factor

What required growth factor of Haemophilus corresponds to NAD⁺ and NADP⁺?

Haemophilus ducreyi

Which Haemophilus species causes the sexually transmitted disease chancroid?

Beggiatoa

Which gamma-proteobacterium is chemoautotrophic and oxidizes H₂S to elemental sulfur for energy?

Francisella

Which gamma-proteobacterium is chemoheterotrophic and causes tularemia?

Delta Proteobacteria

Which Proteobacteria class includes Bdellovibrio, Desulfovibrionales, and Myxococcales?

Bdellovibrio

Which delta-proteobacterium preys on other bacteria?

Desulfovibrionales

Which delta-proteobacterial group uses sulfur instead of oxygen as the final electron acceptor?

Myxococcales

Which delta-proteobacterial group has gliding cells that aggregate to form myxospores?

Myxospores

What structures form when Myxococcales cells aggregate?

Epsilon Proteobacteria

Which Proteobacteria class is distinguished in the PDF by polar versus peritrichous flagella?

Campylobacter

Which epsilon-proteobacterium has one polar flagellum and is associated with gastroenteritis?

Campylobacter fetus

Which Campylobacter species can cause spontaneous abortion in domestic animals?

Campylobacter jejuni

Which Campylobacter species is a leading cause of foodborne intestinal disease outbreaks?

Helicobacter

Which epsilon-proteobacterial genus is associated with multiple flagella, peptic ulcers, and stomach cancer?

Helicobacter pylori

Which organism is associated with peptic ulcers and stomach cancer?

Nonproteobacteria Gram-negative bacteria

What major group includes Cyanobacteria, Chlorobi, Spirochetes, Cytophaga, Chlamydia, Fusobacteria, and Bacteroidetes?

Cyanobacteria

Which nonproteobacterial Gram-negative group performs oxygenic photosynthesis, gliding motility, and nitrogen fixation?

Oxygenic Photosynthesis

What type of photosynthesis is characteristic of Cyanobacteria?

Cyanobacterial Heterocyst

What specialized structure shown in the cyanobacteria figure is associated with nitrogen fixation?

Anoxygenic Photosynthesis

What type of photosynthesis is characteristic of purple and green sulfur bacteria?

Purple Sulfur Bacteria

Which photosynthetic bacteria perform anoxygenic photosynthesis using reduced sulfur compounds?

Green Sulfur Bacteria

Which photosynthetic bacteria perform anoxygenic photosynthesis using reduced sulfur compounds?

Oxygenic Photosynthesis Equation

What overall reaction is represented by 2H₂O + CO₂ → (CH₂O) + H₂O + O₂ in the presence of light?

Anoxygenic Photosynthesis Equation

What overall reaction is represented by 2H₂S + CO₂ → (CH₂O) + H₂O + 2S⁰ in the presence of light?

Chlamydiae

Which nonproteobacterial Gram-negative group consists of organisms that grow only in eukaryotic host cells?

Chlamydia trachomatis

Which Chlamydia species causes trachoma blindness and sexually transmitted urethritis?

Chlamydia pneumoniae

Which Chlamydia species is listed separately from C. trachomatis and C. psittaci in the PDF?

Chlamydia psittaci

Which Chlamydia species causes psittacosis, a respiratory disease?

Elementary Body

What is the infectious form of Chlamydia that attaches to and enters a host cell?

Reticulate Body

What intracellular Chlamydia form divides repeatedly inside the host cell?

Chlamydia

This sequence describes the ____cycle from elementary body → reticulate body → division → conversion back to elementary bodies → release?

Spirochaetes

Which nonproteobacterial group contains Borrelia, Leptospira, and Treponema and has axial filaments beneath a sheath?

Borrelia

Which spirochete genus causes relapsing fever and Lyme disease?

Leptospira

Which spirochete genus causes leptospirosis?

Treponema pallidum

Which spirochete causes syphilis?

Axial Filaments

What structures allow spirochetes to have their characteristic motility beneath the sheath?

Bacteroidetes

Which nonproteobacterial group is anaerobic and includes Bacteroides and Cytophaga?

Bacteroides

Which anaerobic bacterium is found in the mouth and large intestine?

Cytophaga

Which bacterium is associated with cellulose degradation in soil?

Fusobacteria

Which nonproteobacterial Gram-negative group includes Fusobacterium?

Fusobacterium

Which bacterium is found in the mouth and may be involved in dental diseases?

Firmicutes

Which Gram-positive bacterial group has low G+C content?

Low G+C

What nucleotide-composition characteristic distinguishes Firmicutes?

Clostridiales

Which Firmicutes group contains Clostridium and consists of endospore-producing obligate anaerobes?

Clostridium

Which Gram-positive genus is endospore-producing and obligately anaerobic?

Epulopiscium

Which unusual bacterium does not reproduce by binary fission but instead reproduces through a slit opening in the parent cell?

Epulopiscium fishelsoni

Which organism reproduces through a slit opening in the parent cell rather than binary fission?