Human Anatomy, Physiology, Tissues, and Integumentary System Review

Flashcards covering introductory human anatomy concepts, levels of organization, body organ systems, anatomical terminology, body planes, cavities, abdominopelvic quadrants/regions, tissue types and classifications, and the integumentary system.

What is the primary difference between anatomy and physiology?

Anatomy refers to the study of body structure, whereas physiology refers to the study of body function.

What are the six levels of structural organization in the human body from simplest to most complex?

Chemical level, cellular level, tissue level, organ level, organ system level, and organismal level.

Which body organ system is responsible for gas exchange, regulating blood pH, and producing vocal sounds?

The respiratory system.

Which two organs are listed as key components of the lymphatic system in the lecture notes?

The spleen and the thymus.

What are the main functions of the integumentary system?

Protection, sensation, temperature regulation, and excretion.

Which body system produces gametes, milk, and sex hormones?

The reproductive system.

How is the standard anatomical position defined?

The body is standing erect, facing forward, with feet flat on the floor facing forward, arms at the sides, and palms facing forward.

What is the difference between the prone and supine body positions?

In the prone position, the body is lying face down; in the supine position, the body is lying face up.

What anatomical term corresponds to the region of the armpit?

Axillary.

What anatomical term refers to the posterior hollow region behind the knee?

Popliteal.

In directional terminology, what is the difference between proximal and distal?

Proximal means closer to the attachment point of a limb to the trunk, while distal means further from the attachment point of a limb to the trunk.

What directional term describes a location closer to the midline of the body?

Medial.

How does a midsagittal plane differ from a parasagittal plane?

A midsagittal plane passes through the midline, dividing the body or organ into equal left and right sides, whereas a parasagittal plane divides it into unequal left and right sides.

Which plane divides the body or an organ into superior and inferior portions?

The transverse plane (also known as a cross-sectional or horizontal plane).

Based on the provided figure, identify the plane represented by the top horizontal slice through the brain.

Transverse plane.

What three sub-cavities are located within the thoracic cavity?

The pleural cavity, pericardial cavity, and mediastinum.

What are the three structural components of a serous membrane?

The parietal layer (lines cavity walls), the visceral layer (adheres to viscera), and serous fluid (lubricating fluid).

Which structures are contained within the mediastinum?

The heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, and several large blood vessels.

Which major organs are located in the Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ) of the abdomen?

Right lobe of liver, gallbladder, right kidney, portions of stomach, and portions of small and large intestines.

In which abdominopelvic quadrant are the cecum and vermiform appendix located?

Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ).

What are the names of the nine abdominopelvic regions?

Right hypochondriac, epigastric, left hypochondriac, right lumbar, umbilical, left lumbar, right inguinal, hypogastric, and left inguinal regions.

What is the definition of a tissue?

A tissue is a group of similar cells and proteins that are specialized for a particular function.

What are the four basic types of human tissue?

Epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscular tissue, and nervous tissue.

What are the general structural features of epithelial tissue?

Closely packed cells with little extracellular matrix, apical (free) surface, lateral surfaces, basal surface attached to a basement membrane, avascularity, presence of nerve supply, and high capacity for renewal.

How do endocrine glands differ from exocrine glands?

Endocrine glands release secretions (hormones) directly into the bloodstream without a duct, whereas exocrine glands secrete products into ducts that empty onto a covering or lining surface.

What are the characteristics and functions of simple squamous epithelium?

It consists of a single layer of flattened cells that allows for diffusion, osmosis, filtration, and secretion; found in protected regions like the heart, blood vessels, and alveoli of the lungs.

Where is non-ciliated simple columnar epithelium found, and what is its function?

It is found in the digestive tract, where it functions in the absorption of nutrients and secretion of mucus (often possessing microvilli).

What is transitional epithelium, and where is it located?

Transitional epithelium consists of cells that change shape (e.g., from cuboidal when relaxed/empty to squamous when stretched/full); it lines organs subject to expansion, such as the urinary bladder.

What are the three types of protein fibers present in connective tissue extracellular matrix?

Collagen fibers (provide strength), elastic fibers (provide elasticity), and reticular fibers (provide support for soft organs).

What are the primary roles of fibroblasts, adipocytes, and macrophages in connective tissue?

Fibroblasts secrete extracellular matrix components; adipocytes store fat; macrophages perform phagocytosis to digest foreign particles.

Why is cartilage tissue avascular?

Cartilage secretes antiangiogenesis factor, a substance that prevents blood vessel growth.

What are the three types of muscle tissue and their voluntary/involuntary status?

Skeletal muscle (striated, multinucleated, voluntary), Cardiac muscle (striated, involuntary, autorhythmic with intercalated discs), and Smooth muscle (non-striated, involuntary).

What are the two principal cell types in nervous tissue?

Neurons (which generate and conduct nerve impulses) and neuroglia (which protect and support cells).

How is Vitamin D synthesized in the skin, and what is its function?

Vitamin D is produced from cholesterol molecules in the skin upon exposure to sunlight; it plays roles in bone mineral regulation, hormone synthesis, and immune system regulation.

What are the four principal cell types found in the epidermis?

Keratinocytes (protection), melanocytes (pigment/photoprotection), Langerhans cells (immune protection), and Merkel cells (tactile sensation).

What are the five strata of the epidermis listed from deepest to most superficial?

Stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, and stratum corneum.

Which epidermal layer is found exclusively in 'thick skin' subject to high physical stress?

Stratum lucidum.

What are the two regions of the dermis and their tissue compositions?

The superficial papillary region (loose areolar connective tissue) and the deep reticular region (dense irregular connective tissue).

What vitamin is necessary for collagen production in the reticular layer of the dermis?

Vitamin C.

What three pigments contribute to skin color?

Melanin (brownish pigment), hemoglobin (red oxygen-carrying pigment in blood), and carotene (yellow/orange pigment from plant foods).

How do eccrine sweat glands differ from apocrine sweat glands?

Eccrine sweat glands have ducts that open directly onto epidermal pores and function in body temperature regulation; apocrine sweat glands open into hair follicles, are limited to regions like armpits and groin, and become active at puberty.

Based on the provided figure, what distinguishes a partial-thickness burn (B) from a superficial burn (A)?

A partial-thickness burn involves the epidermis and the papillary region of the dermis, producing visible blisters, whereas a superficial burn involves only the epidermis.

Based on the provided image, what is the classification difference between lesion (a) and lesion (b)?

Lesion (a) is a normal nevus (mole), whereas lesion (b) is a malignant melanoma.

What does the 'ABCDE' mnemonic stand for in assessing early warning signs of malignant melanoma?

A = Asymmetry, B = Border (irregular), C = Color (uneven coloration), D = Diameter (greater than a pencil eraser), E = Evolving (changing in size or appearance).