ch 2 review questions

morbidity

-having an illness or disease

mortality

-death or # of deaths in an population

incidence

-# of new cases of a disease during a period

prevalence

-total # of existing cases of a disease during a period

factors causing recent increases in infectious diseases

-globalization (traveling)

-urbanization (ppl overcrowding)

-environmental changes

top causes of death in 1900 compared to today

1900 - tuberculosis, pneumonia & influenza

today → heart disease, stroke & cancer

⭐️people used to die more by infectious disease but today its chronic illness⭐️

how has death changed?

-vaccines, living conditions & better medical care

⭐️death has shifted from mainly infectious diseases & early death toward chronic diseases & death at older ages. Infectious diseases have not disappeared⭐️

why are Americans more heavy today?

-processed foods

-busy life styles

-less physical activity

how is globalization affecting rates of disease?

globalization →countries & people are becoming more connected through travel, trade, & communication

-carrying infectious diseases, goods & animals spreading diseases, international trade..

what are “manufacturers of illness”?

-companies or industries whose products or business practices can contribute to illness while they make money

ex→ tobacco companies selling cigarettes that cause disease.

ex → companies marketing unhealthy foods and sugary drinks

health belief model (HMB)

-explains how a person's beliefs influence whether they take action to protect their health

ex → someone gets a flu shot because they believe they could catch the flu & that the vaccine will help protect them

health lifestyles model

-explains how people's health habits are shaped by their social circumstances, resources, & culture

influences incl → income, education & community

ex → someone can want to eat healthier but live in an area where fresh food is expensive or difficult to find 😓

how does social stress affect health?

happens when → people experience pressure because of their social or economic circumstances (poverty, unemployment, ect..)

what happens to the body? → repeatedly activates its stress response → stress hormones & issues (high blood pressure🩸 &. heart disease🫀)

how does this relate to the video “Is Inequality Making Us Sick: In Sickness and in Wealth”?

-because unequal living & working conditions create different levels of stress and access to resources

⭐️HEALTH IS INFLUENCED BY SURROUNDINGS⭐️

ex → wealthier people have more access to healthcare, safe housing,& nutritious food

ex → lower-income people experience financial stress & less job security,

disease

-a medical condition

illness

-how you experience the medical condition

epidemiology

-study of how diseases spread

social epidemiology

-study of how social factors affect health & disease

structure

-social conditions & systems that influence people's choices ( money, schools, & healthcare access)

agency

-a person's ability to make their own choices & decisions

-ex → you have the agency to choose what to eat, but your income and access to healthy food (structure) can limit your choices

health lifestyles

-regular health habits

ex → a person's regular eating, exercise, smoking, & sleeping habits

health projects

-actions to change your health

-ex → gym, diet

cumulative stress burden

-stress building up over time

-ex → years of financial problems can cause high blood pressure